Term Paper Basics

• 10-12 pages
• Thesis statement
• last sentence in the first paragraph
• Body paragraphs
• All info must relate directly to the thesis
• No personal pronouns
• No sang
• Proper academic tone
• Analysis
• No less than one citation per paragraph
• Four sentences of analysis

• What is going on in Libya?
• NY Times
• Al Jazeera
• What is the NATO stance on Libya?
• Is England a part of NATO?
• England's past involvement in intervention?

• Cuba had gained independence and was supported by the US 
• There is a revolution within Cuba, and they ally with the Soviet Union
• The Soviet Union started sending missiles to Cuba, and the US was worried that they were going to bomb us
• Kennedy convinced the Soviet Union to back off and get the missiles out of Cuba 
• Pogroms- Stalin started sending people who disagreed with him to labor camps.  They continued under Khrushchev.
• KGB- secret police 
• Spy agency that was trying to find out if people were saying things against the government 
• Perestroika- more open conversation between the Soviet Union and US
• SALT- Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
• controlled nuclear weapons
• Post Colonialism- 
• Countries becoming independent
• Gandhi led the peaceful revolution

Kaplan Practice Score

30/80

World War II

• German invasion of Poland was considered the beginning of the war
• Britain told Germany to withdraw, but Hitler did not respond.  They officially went to war when the ultimatum expired.
• Germany conquered Poland by bombing them and sending in tanks
• 1940- German troops went into France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.  Denmark and Norway had already fallen.
• German officers that were victorious lived like kings
• That last of the British Allies left France because of heavy fire from the Germans
• France is split up; German supporters were put in positions of power
• Heavy bombing of British cites (the Blitz) started September 1940 and ended May 1941
• Germans didn't want to invade England anymore, and decides to invade the Soviet Union instead, breaking his pact with Stalin
• Operation Barbarossa: the invasion to invade the Soviet Union
• The German advance was very rapid
• Over 3 million Soviet soldiers were killed
• German tanks started to go to Moscow
• They failed to take Moscow because of the Russian's defense 

US Entrance Into the War

• Pearl Harbor started the US involvement in the war
• Japanese were discriminated against (similar to Middle Eastern people now) 
• Roosevelt made the Japanese go into camps, similar to ghettos
• American convoy to Britain supplied them with what they were missing when Germans shut down industrialization 
• Hitler said that the convoy was the reason for going to war with the US
• The US and Britain planned to send paratroopers behind enemy lines and bomb the defense from ships
• The paratroopers missed and the bombs were in the wrong place

Stalingrad

• The Red Army surrounded the city after the Nazis had captured it, so the Nazis were trapped
• The Germans were trapped, but they had better weapons
• Both Stalin and Hitler said no surrender and no prisoners

Dropping Bombs

• 70,000 died in Hiroshima
• 97% of the buildings in the city were destroyed

Nuremberg Trials

• Laid down a foundation for world politics in the way that wars were waged and the rights of civilians
• Also talked about genocide

DBQ: World War I

I. Introduction
II. Racism 3
III. Bad alliances 1,2
IV.Lack of international law/rights of the countries 4,5,6
V. Conclusion


Austro Hungary
Germany
Bulgaria
Ottoman Empire
Turks


Serbia
Russia
Italy
England 
France


World War I, the first war that was called "the war to end all wars," was one that was most devastating to our world.  Eight million soldiers died, and ten major European countries fought.  However, this war did not come out of nowhere.  Rampant racism and racial tension between European countries, along with faulty alliances made by some countries, lack of international laws, and assumed rights of the people built up to the assassination of Franz Ferdinand; the ultimate cause of World War I. 

Racism was prevalent in every European country at this time, but Germany was the main offender.  They had always hated and blamed Jews, but they started to extend judgment onto other countries as well. Much of this came from their strong sense of nationalism and the idea that you could not possibly be better than a German. A strong belief of the time can be summed up by saying, "the Germanic races belong to the most highly gifted group, the group usually termed Aryan….Physically and mentally the Aryans are pre-eminent among all peoples; for that reason they are by right, as the Stagirite expresses it, the lords of the world," (Document 3).  The very statement "lord of the world" proves the overall superiority complex of the Germans.  The racism towards each other created a great amount of tension between the various un-allied countries of Europe.


Alliances, powerful political tools, were being made with poor judgment at this time.  For example, the only reason for the alliance between France and Britain, who had formerly hated each other, was because they both hated Germany more.  Another example was Austro-Hungary and Germany allying because of their fear of Russia.  The contract etween them stated, "Should, contrary to their hope, and against the loyal desire of the two High Contracting Parties, one of the two Empires be attacked by Russia the High Contracting Parties are bound to come to the assistance one of the other with the whole war strength of their Empires."  Because of their mutual hatred for Russia, they were now legally bound to fight against Russia together.  Germany and Austro-Hungary also allied with Italy against France, forming the Triple Alliance.  In the contract, "In case Italy, without direct provocation on her part, should be attacked by France for any reason whatsoever, the two other Contracting Parties shall be bound to lend help and assistance with all their forces to the Party attacked.  This same obligation shall devolve upon Italy in case of any aggression without direct provocation by France against Germany," (Document 2).  While this allows a greater chance of winning, it also brings in more tension.  With more and more allies building against other countries, there is the expectation of a war between them.  


The lack of international laws and the feelings of superiority of each individual country fueled World War I immensely.  The Germans believed that "where States are too feeble to put their territory to the best possible use, it is the manifest destiny of those who can and will do so to take their places," (Document 4).  The feeling of arrogance and entitlement was everywhere, and there were no international laws to curb the hunger for foreign soil.  "What was called "international law" was not in fact binding on them, being backed by no more than a moral or customary sanction..More and more people had acquired a larger stake in defending the state," (Document 5).  Without a law that everyone had to abide by, all European nations only had to have their own interests at heart.  The Black Hand was a perfect example of those who wanted to assemble in order to bring their people together at any cost to other countries.  In their by-laws, "Beyond the frontiers of Serbia, fight with all means the enemies of the Serbian national idea…" (Document 6).  This included killing Austro-Hungarian Franz Ferdinand, thus starting World War I.


All of the causes of World War I have something in common: the feeling of entitlement and wanting to protect oneself at all costs.  Racial tension was all about feeling better than other countries, alliances were about winning over other countries, and all of the countries thought that they were better off making their own laws.  World War I could have been avoided by simple humility.

Chapter 20: Age of Mass Politics

Many results from the Industrial Revolution
Anti-Semitism Grows
Many in the Bourgeois feel threatened by Marxism
Many of the liberal middle-class become more conservative as a movement against socialism


3rd French Republic
Bismark insisted that a new French government would be put in place in order to end the Franco-Prussian War
New Natl. Assembly were people who were willing to give into demands from Prussia
The Paris Commune were returning to the ideas of the French Revolution
Natl. Assembly took on the Paris Commune
Battled in Paris
Natl. Assembly won, and the Commune was broken up
Natl. Assembly favored a new monarchy in France
The was disagreement over who would be the monarch
The Republicans won, and they decided to elect a president and put in place a bicameral government
The president could be overruled by the electors
In one house was Chamber of Deputies and a Senate
President Marshall MacMahon tried to out one of the senators that he didn't like that had the support of the Chamber of Deputies
He tried to get him voted out twice, but failed both times
This increased the power of the legislature and Prime Minister, but decreased the power of the president

RIGHT WING
Monarchists
Leaders

LEFT WING
Liberals
Socilaists

THREATS
de Lesseps Scandal- They had headed the construction of the Suez Canal.  They wanted to build another, the Panama Canal.  It caused huge problems.  The company itself went bankrupt on a huge government loan.  Many of the bankers involved in the loan were Jewish, which sparked a lot of Anti-Semitism.  They didn't actually do anything wrong.
General Boulanger Affair- He was very popular among the people.  The monarchists wanted to get him elected, pay him off, and overthrow the republic in favor of a monarchy.  Boulanger was elected, but the plan was found out, and accused of treason.  He fled, and committed suicide.
Dreyfus Affair- He was a Jewish military officer.  He was accused of selling military secrets to Germany.  He was found guilty and imprisoned.  The guilty verdict was reached by a secret council, and no one was allowed to see the evidence.  Chief of Intelligence Piquart found out that it wasn't Dreyfus.  He turned over his findings to the government, but they didn't want the scandal, so they didn't let him go.  Zola, a novelist, wrote an expose of the whole deal.  The right wingers call for all the Jews in France to lose their citizenship.  The Catholic Church supported them.  When they asked for a retrial, the government forged documents.  Dreyfus is again pronounced guilty.  The president pardons it. (total cop-out).  ULTIMATE RESULT: The Catholic Church was blatantly Anti-Semitic, and screwed themselves by being so obvious.  Pushes French Politics to the left.  Separation of church and state.

GERMANY
Bismark was the chancellor
Middle class was compliant and loyal
The Pope publishes the Syllabus of Errors: it pretty much said that anything new was immoral
Bismark thought that this was anti-Nationalistic; against the idea of German nationhood
The Church issued the Papal Infallibility

19th Century DBQ

Outline:
Thesis: While the late 19th century was a time of great change for workers, especially through the creation of unions and people using Marx's new way of thinking to form other types of societies, the figures show different scenes because of the change of style from Realism to Impressionism in art, not necessarily the change in reality.
I. Introduction
II. Marxism and Communism
III. Unions
IV.Realism and Impressionism
V. Conclusion

Essay:
In the late 19th Century, Marx's theories about time and how society should be run were being twisted and changed into new branches of ways to run societies.  Unions were become stronger, and capitalism was not longer running the show.  Instead of having a feudal-esque society, classes seemed to be less extreme in terms of differences.  One of the biggest changes in that time was the change from Realism to Impressionism in art, which greatly effected the artwork that has been provided for this DBQ.  While the late 19th century was a time of great change for workers, especially through the creation of unions and people using Marx's new way of thinking to form other types of societies, the figures show different scenes because of the change of style from Realism to Impressionism in art, not necessarily the change in reality.

Marxism had been introduced recently at this point, and Communism was a new way of thinking.  While society could not switch over to pure communism without any warning, the intellectuals and workers took Marx's ideas to heart, coming up with improvements of their own.  The intellectuals: writers, artists, etc., were on the side of socialism.  They believed that capitalists should be run out, and that a social democracy should take the place of their current situation.  However, very few of them belonged to unions, so the workers had a different idea.  They were more on the side of unionism, and they didn't want to overthrow the capitalists; instead, they wanted to bargain with them.  Figure 1 and Figure 2 show very different sides of life, and they were from different perspectives.  Figure 1 was the life of the lower class, most likely workers.  However, Figure Two could have easily been middle class intellectuals or upper class.  Based on the difference between classes, it was no wonder that intellectuals were not as concerned about the time it would take to work out a new system as the workers.  While the intellectuals didn't have to rely on unions for their work, workers did, and could not risk that.

The unions were one of the most important aspects of the workers' lives in the late 19th Century.  Unions made it possible for the workers to have a voice, as the government would not grant them one.  Unions were mainly used to put pressure on the employers of workers, and with that came changes in the way that working conditions were decided.  The unions brought workers one step closer to the democracy that socialists wanted while allowing them to continue working. The fact that workers had better conditions also allowed for more productive work, even though they were working for less time.  This pushed art forward as the entire society moved in a new direction.  The difference in feeling and style of theses two pieces shows the changes in society, and provides an example of how influential the happiness of workforce can be.

The paintings themselves say much more than their subject matter about the lat 19th Century.  Figure 1 was from age of Realism, which focused on details of life that you may not notice.  It also focused on details in the painting itself, and was always crisp and clear as far as colors, lines, and shapes go.  This was happening while the unions were coming into predominance, and was still in a time where the workers were not completely free of the feudal type system that their employers had put in place.  Describing the time and the painting, "industrious" would be the best word.  They both seemed to be productive, but lacking feeling.  However, Figure 2 is from the age of Impressionism.  Obviously, Impressionism is far more abstract, because the age is no longer just about the details and being exact.  Workers were given rights, and were being treated as if they were human beings, not replaceable drones.  This allowed new freedom in art and expression, which was where Impressionism came in.  It was full of emotion and the deeper feelings of the situation.  Instead of being frozen in time, Impressionistic paintings seem to be a moment still in motion.

The late 19th Century was full of changes for every class, but especially workers.  They had unions that allowed them rights and freedoms that they had never had before.  Marx's theories were used in a new way that helped give those in the lower classes hope for the future.  Realism changed to Impressionism, and they both produced artwork that defines the time.  These figures show changes because of Marx and unions, but they show deeper changes in art itself due to these factors.

Rough Draft

Queen Elizabeth I was one of England's most influential rulers; so influential that the Elizabethan age is named after her.  She was the last in the line of Tudors, and ruled from 1559 to 1603.  She remains one of the best examples of a politque, one who will compromise their personal gain for the good of their people, that the world has ever seen.  Elizabeth I's brutal childhood, riddled with being raped by Thomas Seymour and living under constant threat from her sister, was the cause of her becoming an unmarried politique who gave up her own desires for a peaceful reign.

Elizabeth was born into England’s most powerful family: the Tudors.  She was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.  Her parents were married when her mother was six months pregnant.  Their marriage started off well with Henry declaring all of his children illegitimate except those produced by Anne and forcing Mary, Elizabeth’s half sister and future queen of England, to serve Elizabeth as a maidservant.  However, Elizabeth’s life took a turn for the worse when Anne failed to produce a male heir and was executed, causing Henry to bastardize Elizabeth.

Elizabeth was two years and eight months old when Anne was executed.  Although she had been bastardized, she was still useful in foreign relations, which caused her to be shown naked to French diplomats at the age of six for the purpose of being a future wife for their children.  In 1537, her half-brother Edward was born, the first male heir of Henry VIII.  They lived together at a place called Hatfield House that acted as both their home and their school.  Elizabeth studied under a governess and became extremely well-educated in a variety of subjects.  She was kept away from her father for her own safety, but always looked up to him.

Henry VIII died in 1547, which meant that no more heirs would be produced and that Elizabeth had lost her father.  The line of succession in his will named Elizabeth the heir after Edward and Mary.  Shortly after his death, Elizabeth moved out of Hatfield House and in with Katherine Parr, Henry VIII’s widow.  Katherine married a man named Thomas Seymour, who moved in with both of them.  Although he was in his forties, Seymour started taking an interest in Elizabeth, who was a young teenager.  He would go into her room while she was asleep to have sex with her, which was made easier by the fact that people in those times did not wear clothes to bed.  Katherine occasionally took part in these sexual escapades as well.  However, she grew tired of her husband’s affections for Elizabeth and threw her out of the house.  Elizabeth returned to Hatfield.  After Katherine Parr died, Seymour wanted to marry Elizabeth.  While she never directly rejected him, Elizabeth avoided marrying him until 1549, when he was executed.  His charges were trying to marry Elizabeth in order to gain power and overthrow his brother.

Edward, who had never been very healthy, died in 1553.  Lady Jane Grey was declared queen, but only lasted nine days in power.  Mary and Elizabeth travelled to London for Mary to claim her crown together, as a show of solidarity.  However, that ended when Mary, who was Catholic, started making laws ordering everyone to attend mass.  Elizabeth followed her sister’s laws, even though she was a Protestant.  Mary planned on marrying Prince Philip of Spain, which made her even more unpopular among the people.  Rebels started plotting against Mary while using Elizabeth as their cause, even though Elizabeth didn’t have anything to do with the rebellions.  Wyatt’s Rebellion was one example of Elizabeth being used a face for a rebellion that she knew nothing about.  Mary put Elizabeth in the Tower, but it was proven that she was not plotting against her.  Elizabeth was allowed to go back to Hatfield House.  Mary had two miscarriages, and her husband went back to Spain.  Right before she died in November of 1558, she named and accepted Elizabeth as her heir. 

After Mary’s death, Elizabeth was named queen.  Her first reform was religion, in which she returned England to being a Protestant country.  However, unlike her sister, she did not try to obliterate all traces of other religions. 

Elizabeth was unorthodox in that she refused to marry.  The main aim of every monarch in that time was to produce and heir, but she had no interest in that.  In 1556 Parliament threatened to cut off her funds, but she addressed them harshly and told them that her priority was England.  In 1559, Elizabeth made it clear that she had feelings for her childhood friend, Robert Dudley by saying that if his wife were to die (she was sick), that she would like to marry him.  Instead of dying of illness, Amy Dudley died by falling down the stairs.  Although the coroner said that it was an accident, scandal surrounded her death, and people suspected Robert Dudley of killing her so that he could marry Elizabeth.  Elizabeth wanted to marry Dudley, but like a true politique, resisted his courtship so that England was not affected.  Because she did not have a husband, people started referring to her and thinking of her as the “Virgin Queen,” although she wasn’t.

  Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was almost always defending her country, and very rarely started battles.  In 1585, she sent and army to aid the Protestant Dutch rebels against Philip II.  She also defended England against the Spanish Armada in 1588, which was by far the most significant battle of her reign.  In 1589, she sent support to Henry IV, who had recently inherited the French throne and was Protestant.

Elizabeth had to learn to survive when she was still young, and didn’t put down her guard from the time she knew that she was in danger.  The trials of her life kept her from marrying and following her heart, but they made her a queen who could handle any situation.  As a politique, she was unrivaled, as a queen, she is legend. 

Outline

Thesis: Elizabeth I's brutal childhood, riddled with being raped by Thomas Seymour and living under constant threat from her sister, was the cause of her becoming an unmarried politique who gave up her own desires for a peaceful, yet uneventful, reign.

Definitions: Politique- one willing to compromise for the greater good

Types of Sources: Primary:1559: Response to a Parliamentary Delegation on Her Marriage; 1559: On Religion; 1560: Response to Erik of Sweden's Proposal; 1566: Response to Parliamentary Delegation on Her Marriage; 1583: On Religion; Response to Ambassador of Poland; 1601: The Farewell Speech; 1586: letter from Elizabeth I to Mary, queen of Scots; 1587: letter from Elizabeth I to James VI of Scotland; and other assorted speeches, poetry, and letters

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/elizabeth1.htmlhttp://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html#Speecheshttp://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html#Lettershttp://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html#Poetryhttp://englishhistory.net/tudor/scot-letters.html

Secondary: ES Beesly, Queen Elizabeth (1892); Kaplan; BBC

http://englishhistory.net/tudor/secondary.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/elizabeth_i_01.shtml

Outline:                                                                                        

1.     Queen Elizabeth I was one of England's most influential rulers; so influential that the Elizabethan age is named after her.  She was the last in the line of Tudors, and ruled from 1559 to 1603.  She remains one of the best examples of a politque, one who will compromise their personal gain for the good of their people, that the world has ever seen.  Elizabeth I's brutal childhood, riddled with being raped by Thomas Seymour and living under constant threat from her sister, was the cause of her becoming an unmarried politique who gave up her own desires for a peaceful, yet uneventful, reign.

2.             Background on family

a.     Father-- Henry VIIIb.    Mother-- Anne Boleyn

c.     Parents were married while Anne was 6 months pregnantd.    All of Henry's children were declared illegitimate besides those produced by Anne                                              i.Mary was forced to serve Elizabeth as a maidservante.     Anne Boleyn was executed because she could not produce a male heir                                              i.Elizabeth was bastardized

3.             Early childhood (before father's death)a.       Mother died when she was 2 years and 8 months oldb.      Was shown naked to French diplomats as a future wife at the age of 6c.       1537- Edward was bornd.      Lived with her brother Edward at Hatfield Housee.       Studied under a governess and became very well educated

4.             Childhood (after father's death)a.     1547- Henry VIII died, and in his will, the line of succession named Elizabeth the heir after Edward and Maryb.    Moved in with Katherine Parr, Henry's widowc.     Katherine married Thomas Seymour, who moved in with her and Elizabethd.    Thomas started to take an interest in Elizabeth, who was a young teenager at the timee.     He would go into her room while she was asleep and not wearing anything and rape herf.     Occasionally, Katherine Parr would take part as wellg.    Katherine eventually kicked Elizabeth out of the house, and Elizabeth went back to Hatfieldh.     When Katherine Parr died, Thomas Seymour wanted to marry Elizabethi.      1549- Seymour was found guilty of trying to marry her in order to overthrow his brother, and was executed

5.             During Mary's Reigna.     1553- Edward died, and Lady Jane Grey was declared queen.  However, she was only queen for nine days.b.    Mary and Elizabeth travelled to London for Mary to claim her crown.c.     Mary wanted to wipe out all non-Catholics, and ordered everyone to go to massd.    Elizabeth did, even though she was raised and educated as a Protestante.     Mary planned to marry Prince Philip of Spain, which made her unpopularf.     Rebels against Mary plotted against her in Elizabeth's name, even though she had nothing to do with it                                              i.Wyatt's rebelliong.    Elizabeth was put in the Tower, but because she had no connection to the rebels, she was allowed to go back to Hatfieldh.     Mary had 2 miscarriages, and her husband went back to Spaini.      1558- Mary was on her deathbed, and accepted Elizabeth as her heir.  She died in November.

6.             Elizabeth's reigna.     1558- Named queenb.    Her first reform was religion                                              i.She returned England to being a Protestant country, but didn’t completely erase all traces of Catholicism

7.             Marriage, or Lack Thereofa.     Elizabeth refused to marryb.    1556- Parliament threatened to cut off her funds                                              i.She addressed them and told them that her priority was Englandc.     1559- Elizabeth made it clear that she had feelings for her childhood friend, Robert Dudley by saying that if his wife were to die (she was sick), that she would like to marry him                                              i.Amy Dudley died by falling down the stairs, which the coroner said was an accident1.             Scandal surrounded her death, and Robert Dudley was suspected to have killed her so that he could marry Elizabethd.    Although Elizabeth wanted to marry Dudley, she didn’t because the scandal would have been bad for Englande.     "With Elizabeth the heart never really spoke, and if the senses did, she had them under perfect control. And this was why she never loved or was loved, and never has been or will be regarded with enthusiasm by either man or woman" (http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterone.html)f.     Her image became that of Virgin Queen, although she wasn't

8.             Defensive Foreign Relationsa.     1585- She sent an army to aid to fight with the Protestant Dutch rebels against Philip IIb.    1588- She defended England against the Spanish Armadac.     1589- Henry IV (who was Protestant) inherited the French throne, Elizabeth sent her military supportConclusionElizabeth always put the kingdom of England before herself, and she has her early life to thank for that.

Notes 3/15/11

• Crimean War-
• Major cause: dispute between two groups of Christians over priveledges in Palestine.  
• In 1852, the Turks who controlled the Holy Land agreed to Napolean's demands to provide enclaves in the Holy Land for the protection of the Roman Catholic Church
• First war covered by journalists
• First war to involve female nurses
• Florence Nightingale- 
• British nurse that became the founder of modern nursing when she realized that more men died from diseases than wounds
• Second French Republic
• Constitution sets up an elected president and one house in their legislature
• Universal male suffrage; could vote regardless of class or land
• Louis Napoleon was president
• He was very focused on stability
• 1851- there was a takeover of the government
• Credit mobilier
• Syllabus of errors
• Italian unification
•  King Victor Emmanuel
• Falloux Law
• Liberal empire
• Count Cavor
• The Law on Convents and Siccardi Law
• "Il Risorgimento"
• Plombieres, 1859
• Giuseppe Garibaldi, Red Shirts
• "Humiliation of Olmutz"
• Zollverein
• kleindeutsch plan
• Otto von Bismark
• "gap theory"
• Prussian-Danish War, 1863
• Austro-Prussian War, 1866
• Reichstag
• Bundestag
• Austro-Hungarian Empire
• Ausgleich
• Real politique
• the example of what was realism

Unit Four

1. c
2. b
3. e
4. e
5. c
6. d
7. a
8. a
9. e
10. a
11. d
12. e
13. a
14. d
15. b
16. c
17. c
18. b
19. e
20. a

4/20

Romanticism and the Enlightenment

To what extent did Romanticism challenge Enlightenment views of human beings and the natural world and how did this challenge illustrate changes between the Enlightenment and Romantic views of the relationship between God and the individual?


Delacroix
Keats




I. Intro
II. Goethe/Faust
III. Shelley
IV. Lord Byron
V. Conclusion


The age of Romanticism was not only a time of change for Europe, but a time of progress.  The Enlightenment had been all about reason, which had sucked all feeling out of the age.  Romanticism changed all of that by bringing in the age of emotions.  Instead of creating art to get paid, people created art to express themselves.  Romantic artists and writers, such as Goethe, Shelley, and Lord Byron used their emotions to create art that would modernize and secularize Europe.


Goethe was a German writer most commonly associated with the Romantic concept of Strurm und Drang.  One of his most famous works shows the very core of European fiction changing into more Romantic pieces.  This work follows his hero Faust, and Faust starts off fighting medieval horrors.  However, as time goes on, Faust begins fighting, not against monsters, but against the supernatural and society.  This is making the leap from scary stories to stories that question the foundation of religion and society.  He is writing from emotion and conflict within himself, not from reason.


Shelley was an English poet who literally wrote the book on atheism.  Because he was not tied down to any moral code on the basis of religion, he was able to pursue his art in any way he wished.  He also had the ability to view life without a threat of Hell at the end, which meant that thee were no consequences for what he did in his life.  This philosophy ended in him leaving his wife for another woman, and feeling totally guilt free about it because he had to be in love to write love poems.  He was consistently looking out for himself, which resulted in not only an immoral life without God, but great poetry.


Delacroix was a French artist who created Liberty Leading the People.  This painting outlines some of the major differences between the Enlightenment and Romanticism.  In Liberty Leading the People, Delacroix uses bright colors to draw attention to different parts of the painting.  It is obvious the pain that is in the painting is shared by him, but there is more than just one raw emotion.  His depiction of Liberty looks bedraggled and beat up, but she also has determination and pride, which is also shared by Delacroix.  He put every one of his hopes and  fears for his country into his painting, which is the difference between the two ages.


The Enlightenment, while extremely beneficial to more scientific parts of Europe's history, does not hold a candle to Romanticism in terms of creativity.  Romanticism gave the world artists whose works were a reflection of their souls, which is still considered a modern concept.  Anything that continues to remain modern over hundreds of years should be considered something special.  The raw emotion of Goethe, Shelley, Delacroix, and other Romantic artists transformed Europe from a God-fearing, reason-seeking place to a place of emotional density and secular beauty from within.

2nd Outline

Thesis: Elizabeth I's brutal childhood, riddled with being raped by Thomas Seymour and living under constant threat from her sister, was the cause of her becoming an unmarried politique who gave up her own desires for a peaceful, yet uneventful, reign.

Definitions:

Politique- one willing to compromise for the greater good

List of other politiques and why

Types of Sources:

Primary:

1559: Response to a Parliamentary Delegation on Her Marriage; 1559: On Religion; 1560: Response to Erik of Sweden's Proposal; 1566: Response to Parliamentary Delegation on Her Marriage; 1583: On Religion; Response to Ambassador of Poland; 1601: The Farewell Speech; 1586: letter from Elizabeth I to Mary, queen of Scots; 1587: letter from Elizabeth I to James VI of Scotland; and other assorted speeches, poetry, and letters

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/elizabeth1.html

http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html#Speeches

http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html#Letters

http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html#Poetry

http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scot-letters.html

Secondary: ES Beesly, Queen Elizabeth (1892); Kaplan; other books TBA, BBC

http://englishhistory.net/tudor/secondary.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/elizabeth_i_01.shtml

Outline:                                                                                        

1.     Queen Elizabeth I was one of England's most influential rulers; so influential that the Elizabethan age is named after her.  She was the last in the line of Tudors, and ruled from 1559 to 1603.  She remains one of the best examples of a politque, one who will compromise their personal gain for the good of their people, that the world has ever seen.  Elizabeth I's brutal childhood, riddled with being raped by Thomas Seymour and living under constant threat from her sister, was the cause of her becoming an unmarried politique who gave up her own desires for a peaceful, yet uneventful, reign.

2.             Background on family

a.     Father-- Henry VIII

b.    Mother-- Anne Boleyn

c.     Parents were married while Anne was 6 months pregnant

d.    All of Henry's children were declared illegitimate besides those produced by Anne

                                              i.Mary was forced to serve Elizabeth as a maidservant

e.     Anne Boleyn was executed because she could not produce a male heir

                                              i.Elizabeth was bastardized

3.             Early childhood (before father's death)

a.       Mother died when she was 2 years and 8 months old

b.      Was shown naked to French diplomats as a future wife at the age of 6

c.       1537- Edward was born

d.      Lived with her brother Edward at Hatfield House

e.       Studied under a governess and became very well educated

4.             Childhood (after father's death)

a.     1547- Henry VIII died, and in his will, the line of succession named Elizabeth the heir after Edward and Mary

b.    Moved in with Katherine Parr, Henry's widow

c.     Katherine married Thomas Seymour, who moved in with her and Elizabeth

d.    Thomas started to take an interest in Elizabeth, who was a young teenager at the time

e.     He would go into her room while she was asleep and not wearing anything and rape her

f.     Occasionally, Katherine Parr would take part as well

g.    Katherine eventually kicked Elizabeth out of the house, and Elizabeth went back to Hatfield

h.     When Katherine Parr died, Thomas Seymour wanted to marry Elizabeth

i.      1549- Seymour was found guilty of trying to marry her in order to overthrow his brother, and was executed

5.             During Mary's Reign

a.     1553- Edward died, and Lady Jane Grey was declared queen.  However, she was only queen for nine days.

b.    Mary and Elizabeth travelled to London for Mary to claim her crown.

c.     Mary wanted to wipe out all non-Catholics, and ordered everyone to go to mass

d.    Elizabeth did, even though she was raised and educated as a Protestant

e.     Mary planned to marry Prince Philip of Spain, which made her unpopular

f.     Rebels against Mary plotted against her in Elizabeth's name, even though she had nothing to do with it

                                              i.Wyatt's rebellion

g.    Elizabeth was put in the Tower, but because she had no connection to the rebels, she was allowed to go back to Hatfield

h.     Mary had 2 miscarriages, and her husband went back to Spain

i.      1558- Mary was on her deathbed, and accepted Elizabeth as her heir.  She died in November.

6.             Elizabeth's reign

a.     1558- Named queen

b.    Her first reform was religion

                                              i.She returned England to being a Protestant country, but didn’t completely erase all traces of Catholicism

7.             Marriage, or Lack Thereof

a.     Elizabeth refused to marry

b.    1556- Parliament threatened to cut off her funds

                                              i.She addressed them and told them that her priority was England

c.     1559- Elizabeth made it clear that she had feelings for her childhood friend, Robert Dudley by saying that if his wife were to die (she was sick), that she would like to marry him

                                              i.Amy Dudley died by falling down the stairs, which the coroner said was an accident

1.             Scandal surrounded her death, and Robert Dudley was suspected to have killed her so that he could marry Elizabeth

d.    Although Elizabeth wanted to marry Dudley, she didn’t because the scandal would have been bad for England

e.     "With Elizabeth the heart never really spoke, and if the senses did, she had them under perfect control. And this was why she never loved or was loved, and never has been or will be regarded with enthusiasm by either man or woman" (http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterone.html)

f.     Her image became that of Virgin Queen, although she wasn't

8.             Defensive Foreign Relations

a.     1585- She sent an army to aid to fight with the Protestant Dutch rebels against Philip II

b.    1588- She defended England against the Spanish Armada

c.     1589- Henry IV (who was Protestant) inherited the French throne, Elizabeth sent her military support

Conclusion

Elizabeth always put the kingdom of England before herself, and she has her early life to thank for that.