Review

• Machiavelli wanted the state to be secular
• Merchants and rising middle class resented the bishops' power
• Peasantry in England, France, and Germany began to revolt openly against the Church Authority
• 1483-1536 Martin Luther
• Was a monk
• Led the attack on indulgences from within the Church
• 1517- Luther Posted the 95 Thesis
• The German people were very open to Luther
• Calvin believed that moral justice must take precedence  
• SELF CONTROL was his central belief
• Believed that most people were damned
• The Council of Trent was passed
• There was a rise in folk religion and witchcraft
• The power if the monarchs increases
• The major war was the 30 Years War
• The Peace of Augsburg 
• Allowed the principalities to choose their religion
• There were alliances formed between Protestants and between Catholics, which defeated the purpose
• The Thirty Years War started in Bohemia when Ferdinand   (a Catholic) became king
• Afraid he was going to make Bohemia Catholic again
• Ferdinand used Jesuits to reclaim his territory
• The King of Denmark joined the Protestants
• Only joined to gain land
• Gustavus Adolphus, King of Swede, joined the war for his country
• Won the battle, but died during it
• Cardinal Ricelout accepted any allies, regardless of religion
• Went to war with Spain with Protestant allies
• After they won, the Treaty of Westphalia was introduced
• Protestantism was illegal in France, but they grew in numbers and attracted nobility
• Appealed for better treatment
• There was a marriage arrangement between Protestant and Catholic nobility, but the Medici's encouraged riots at the wedding, which ended in the St. Bartholomew's day massacre
• The Scots rebelled against Mary, Queen of Scots
• 
  

Dutch Republic Being Awesome

The Dutch Republic in the 17^th Century was an example of success in Europe, and achieved this success by daring to be different from its neighbors.  It was a place for people of all religions to go, the home of the most trusted currency in the world, and it did it all by having a totally different way of working.  The Dutch Republic, by adopting a representative democracy instead of following the precedent set by surrounding countries of an absolute monarchy achieved religious toleration, the world's strongest economy for the time, and an excellent middle class work force.

The Dutch Republic had a governmental system that is remarkably similar to the modern system in the United Stated of America.  Each of the nine provinces had their own leader, called a stadholder, that they had chosen.  The stadholders controlled the different provinces, but they didn’t ever use their power to try and gain prestige; they did their job and stepped down when it was time that they did.  Because of the lack of a centralized government, there was little religious intolerance and censorship.  Huguenots, Catholics, Jew, and many other religions went to Dutch Republic, and each of them were welcomed.  Without a government to enforce a specific religion, there was no need to discriminate.  The same was true for censorship; there was no need, because there was no government that felt the need to rule with an iron fist.

The florin, the Dutch gold coin, was used as international currency.  This was achieved through the solid economy of the Dutch Republic.  The Dutch Republic had many energy sources readily available to them, which included windmills and sawmills.  Because of these cheap energy sources, the Dutch were able to extend their goods to the Dutch East India Trading Company, which allowed them to reach most of the known world with their products.  The huge amount of the world that their trade covered allowed for stability, and the natural resources they had also gave them room to grow.

The middle class work force in the 17^th Century Dutch Republic was one of the best of that time period because of its work ethic.  The mainly Protestant workforce lived frugally because it was against the Calvinist faith to have luxuries.  There were people of all faiths in the work force, especially because of the immigration rush of Sephardi Jews from Portugal and Spain and the Huguenots from France.  The differently skilled nationalities created a diverse and hardworking work force, and this was what helped create the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic.

The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic was something to be envied by other European countries, and something to be inspired by in modern times.  Religious toleration, a strong and stable economy, and a enviable workforce are within the grasp of a truly remarkable country.

<iframe width="425" height="350" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode=&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=&amp;hnear=Monument+to+the+Great+Fire+of+London&amp;msa=0&amp;msid=105296512312527373166.000496467612f37bfe5fd&amp;ll=51.5112,-0.099735&amp;spn=0.037072,0.110035&amp;t=h&amp;z=13&amp;output=embed"></iframe><br /><small>View <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?f=q&amp;source=embed&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode=&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=&amp;hnear=Monument+to+the+Great+Fire+of+London&amp;msa=0&amp;msid=105296512312527373166.000496467612f37bfe5fd&amp;ll=51.5112,-0.099735&amp;spn=0.037072,0.110035&amp;t=h&amp;z=13" style="color:#0000FF;text-align:left">Great Fire of London</a> in a larger map</small>

Galileo, born in the 1500's, was one of the most influential voices of the Scientific Revolution.  He crossed boundaries and gave up everything for science, which got him in trouble with the Roman Catholic Church.  He dared to think of things in a new way, and modern science owes everything to him.  The persecution of Galileo was am abomination, as it set back a philosophical, mathematical, and scientific genius from achieving even more than he already had.

Galileo's discoveries were monumental, but he also had to deal with the less glamorous side of being a scientist in the 1500's and 1600's.  His equipment was rudimentary, and his discoveries are only made more amazing by the fact that he could find out anything by using them.  The thermometer that he invented was a failure, and his telescope, which seems very important to someone who discovered the sunspots on Venus and saw Neptune, was fairly rudimentary.  It had a magnification of 30x, while electron microscopes have thousands of times that today.  In fact, many people speculate that the reason that he was blind by the age of 70 was because of the strain of looking through his telescope.  Lack of equipment for scientists has always been a problem, yet some of the greatest discoveries have been made with the simplest of means: Mendel and his peas for example.  Mendel and Galileo both had a lack of equipment, yet Mendel became known as the father of genetics through his work with pea plants in a monastery, and Galileo became the father of the Scientific Revolution with a faulty telescope.

One cannot become one of the most famous and respected scientists and philosophers by twiddling their thumbs.  Galileo made some of the most shocking and controversial discoveries of his time, and proved that he has earned his spot in the Scientist's Hall of Fame.  Galileo was the first to see Neptune through a telescope, although at the time, he thought that he was seeing a distant star.  Even more astounding, Galileo proved that the universe was heliocentric.  Heliocentric means that he proved that the Earth rotated around the Sun, which was a huge feat at the time.  He discovered, using his home-made telescope, that there were sunspots on Venus, which proved that Venus was revolving around the Sun, not the Earth.  Through more experimentation, he was able to publish a book completely disproving the (until then) unquestioned theory that the Earth was at the center of the universe, and that all other planets, and the Sun, rotated around it.  While in modern times, it is taught that the Earth revolves around the Sun, this principle came from Galileo, 500 years ago.

While Galileo is extremely appreciated today, the same cannot be said for the leaders of his time.  While he was writing his book proving that the universe was heliocentric, Pope Urban VIII requested that his, and thereby the Church's, opinion be put in the book.  He also requested that Galileo show both the argument for and against heliocentricity, but that he prove that the universe was not heliocentric.  While Galileo did put the Pope's opinions in, he wrote them as quotes from someone else, so that it did not have he Church's authority behind it.  He also ignored the "request" to disprove heliocentricity, but not out of spite.  He merely had too much proof to say otherwise.  In his book, Galileo disproved Aristotle's teaching that the Earth cannot be moved.  He also disproved many Bible verses that said essentially the same thing.  Because Aristotle and the Bible were endorsed by the Roman Catholic Church, they felt that Galileo was attacking their accountability, and the Inquisition stopped the release of his book soon after it was published and released.  Galileo was called to trial, and found guilty of heresy.  He was forced to retract everything in his book, and was put in house arrest for the rest of his life, about four years.  While Galileo was publishing theories contrary to the Church, he didn't intend for them to be arguing against what the Church taught.  He said that some of the Bible shouldn't be taken literally, and that his findings only increased proof of God.  However, the Catholic Church wouldn't listen, and he was locked away.  This instance is similar to treatment that many scientists got from the Catholic Church.  Even today, some brands of Christianity, called Literalists, believe that everything in the Bible is to be taken completely literally, including that the Earth is at the center of the universe.  No matter what scientists do, there will always be religious skeptics, and Galileo is an example of that.

Galileo was a man with influence in both his time, and ours.  He made impossible discoveries with unimpressive equipment, he had to face the Church, and he was imprisoned in his own home for telling an amazing truth.  Galileo has shaped our world, and was wrongly persecuted for heresy.

Explain how the trials and tribulations of Galileo pointed toward the future of Europe while at the same time are an example of the realities of his own time.

Galileo

30x telescope
heliocentric instead of the earth
forced to retract his book
house arrest
Inqusition
pope urban VIII
aristotle

Intro
Equipment
Discoveries
Catholic Church
Conclusion

Galileo, born in the 1500's, was one of the most influential voices of the Scientific Revolution.  He crossed boundaries and gave up everything for science, which got him in trouble with the Roman Catholic Church.  he dared to think of things in a new way, and modern science owes everything to him.  Galileo was a mathematical, scientific, and philosophical genius in his time, and was wrongly persecuted by the Roman Catholic Church.

Galileo's discoveries were monumental, but he also had to deal with the less glamorous side of being a scientist in the 1500's and 1600's.  His equipment was rudimentary, and his discoveries are only made more amazing by the fact that he could find out anything by using them.  The thermometer that he invented was a failure, and his telescope, which seems very important to someone who discovered the sunspots on Venus and saw Neptune, was fairly rudimentary.  It had a magnification of 30x, while electron microscopes have thousands of times that today.  In fact, many people speculate that the reason that he was blind by the age of 70 was because of the strain of looking through his telescope.  Lack of equipment for scientists has always been a [problem, yet some of the greatest discoveries have been made with the simplest of means: Mendel and his peas for example.  Mendel and Galileo both had a lack of equipment, yet Mendel became known as the father of genetics through his work with pea plants in a monastery, and Galileo became the father of the Scientific Revolution with a faulty telescope.

One cannot become one of the most famous and respected scientists and philosophers by twiddling their thumbs.  Galileo made some of the most shocking and controversial discoveries of his time, and proved that he has earned his spot in the Scientist's Hall of Fame.  Galileo was the first to see Neptune through a telescope, although at the time, he thought that he was seeing a distant star.  Even more astounding, Galileo proved that the universe was heliocentric.  Heliocentric means that he proved that the Earth rotated around the Sun, which was a huge feat at the time.  He discovered, using his home-made telescope, that there were sunspots on Venus, which proved that Venus was revolving around the Sun, not the Earth.  Through more experimentation, he was able to publish a book completely disproving the (until then) unquestioned theory that the Earth was at the center of the universe, and that all other planets, and the Sun, rotated around it.  While in modern times, it is taught that the Earth revolves around the Sun, this principle came from Galileo, 500 years ago.

While Galileo is extremely appreciated today, the same cannot be said for the leaders of his time.  While he was writing his book proving that the universe was heliocentric, Pope Urban VIII requested that his, and thereby the Church's, opinion be put in the book.  He also requested that Galileo show both the argument for and against heliocentricity, but that he prove that the universe was not heliocentric.  While Galileo did put the Pope's opinions in, he wrote them as quotes from someone else, so that it did not have he Church's authority behind it.  He also ignored the "request" to disprove heliocentricity, but not out of spite.  He merely had to much proof to say otherwise.  In his book, Galileo disproved Aristotle's teaching that the Earth cannot be moved.  He also disproved many Bible verses that said essentially the same thing.  Because Aristotle and the Bible were endorsed by the Roman Catholic Church, they felt that Galileo was attacking their accountability, and the Inquisition stopped the release of his book soon after it was published and released.  Galileo was called to trial, and found guilty of heresy.  He was forced to retract everything in his book, and was put in house arrest for the rest of his life, about four years.  While Galileo was publishing theories contrary to the Church, he didn't intend for them to be arguing against what the Church taught.  He said that some of the Bible shouldn't be taken literally, and that his findings only increased proof of God.  However, the Catholic Church wouldn't listen, and he was locked away.  This instance is similar to treatment that many scientists got from the Catholic Church.  Even today, some brands of Christianity, called Literalists, believe that everything in the Bible is to be taken completely literally, including that the Earth is at the center of the universe.  No matter what scientists do, there will always be religious skeptics, and Galileo is an example of that.

Galileo was a man with influence in both his time, and ours.  He made impossible discoveries with unimpressive equipment, he had to face the Church, and he was imprisoned in his own home for telling an amazing truth.  Galileo has shaped our world, and was wrongly persecuted for heresy.

Charles II

Charles II

• Came to the throne because England needed a successor to Cromwell
• January 1661- partisans of Charles II dug bodies up (including Cromwell's) and hung them
• They also drew and quartered people against the king
• Charles II had always been fascinated by politics and the physical world
• He was on the way to being the first reasonable Stuart king
• One out of every 6 Londoners died during the Plague
• Great Fire of London

Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell=Lord Protector

• Cromwell knew that he had to take down the king with no experience
• He became the driving force of the Godly revolution
• Doing away with the monarch was not the same thing as doing away with the monarchy
• Cromwell didn't want the Stuart dynasty
• Cromwell told the people to govern themselves, but didn't mean it literally
• A petitioning campaign, led by women, to release the prisoners that had been imprisoned for rebelling against Cromwell
• Cromwell did not expect the resistance
• Cromwell found and killed resistors, and went to get his degree in law
• He sent his troops to vent their frustrations by killing people in Ireland, who he said were the Antichrist
• Battle of Worcester
• Cromwell knew that the country was exhausted from over 15 years of war
• April 20, 1653- Cromwell came down to Westminster with a troop of Musketeers
• Began to berate the members of parliament  for their indifference to justice
• Parliament was shut down by the Musketeers
• Cromwell could have seized power, but he instead handpicked men for their piety
• He chose to become Lord Protector, and was king in all but name
• Locked up sinners and cancelled Christmas
• Jews were able to live and worship openly in part of the city
• Cromwell didn't think that he was worthy, and believed that he served God, which is what kept him from being a dictator
• September 3, 1658- Cromwell died

92%

As, I said, total pwnge!

The Death of Any Educational Future I Have: Part 2

48.
49. Columbus
50. The Columbian Exchange
51. Potatoes
52. Mercantilism
53. Joint Stock Company
54. Protestantism
55. False
56.
57.
58. No
59.
60. Nobles
61. Commons
62. Calvinists
63. Stuarts
64. Presbyterian
65. 1605-1629
66.  Divine Right of Kings
67. Catholicism
68. Petition of Rights
69. Thomas Moore
70. Ireland
71. Royalists
72. Roundheads
73. Oliver Cromwell
74. Abolishmentism
75. Protector of England
76. 
77.
78. Classical
79. Hobbs

The Most Epic Pwnge of a Test Ever Seen (Not Really)

1. Martin Luther
2. 95 Thesis
3. Hapsburg
4. The Dome (Brunelleschi's Dome)
5. Freebie-- Halloween
6. Faith alone
7. Bible
8. Catholic Church [Pope, Cardinals, Bishops, etc...]
9. Nobles
10. False
11. German Peasantry
12. Catholicism
13. Calvinism
14. Peace of Aughsburg
15. He left the Church as a monk to create a "better" version of the Catholic Church.
16. He didn't want leader's to necessarily have all the power; he believed in equality
17. John Calvin
18. London, England
19. Freebie-- Mr Wojo
20. Huguenots 
21. Henry VIII
22. Mary Tudor
23. Anabaptists 
24. Pope Julius II
25. Council of Trent
26. False
27. The Prayerbook
28. Loyola
29. To convert others
30. 16th
31. Sanzio
32. Ferdinand II
33. Spanish Armada
34. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
35. The Edict of Naples
36. 300
37. Peace of Aughsburg
38. The Protestant Union
39. The Catholic League
40. Catholic
41. Protestant
42. James I of England and Charles VI
43. Adolphus
44. Treaty of Westphalia
45. Alsace
46. Germany
47. France

• James I 
• Believed in the DRoK and got into arguments with Parliament 
• James preferred the heirarchy of bishops ecause othewise there was no king
• When he dies (1625) Charles I becomes king
• Also believes in the DRoK
• Against Puritans
• 1628- signs the Petition of Rite in return for grants of money
• No taxes or fees will take pkace without express permission from Parliament
• To be put in jail, you had to ave a fair trial
• Archbishop of Canterbury wanted to make a Catholic Church that didn't follow the Pope
• At direct odds with the Puritans
• Tried to impose the English Common-book of Prayer on the Scottish
• There was a riot
• The Scots put together an army and occupied Northern England
• Charles needed money to fight the Scots
• Charles reluctantly calls Parliament backk 1640-1648
• They try to undermine him
• Pass laws limiting the king's power
• Put Archbishop to death

Notes 11/18/10

• Puritans
•  Rebelled against anything Roman in the Church
• People who didn't believe the same thing had their ears cut off
• Charles I was narried to a Catholic, which his Puritan followers didn't like
• Many people took the views of Puritanism and wanted the king to stop flaunting th eword of God
• Scotland was converted to Calvinism, but England wasn't
• Divine Right of Kings was introduced by Charles I in 1625
• put him at odds with Parliament 
• Feb 28, 1638- a national covenant was signed and brought ti a place where many Scottish common folks signed
• Charles thought all of these people were rebels and needed to be stopped
• Charles wanted to fight but didn't have the money or manpower
• A truce was made
• Charles thought that Parliament would help him, but they were still angry at him
• Parliament lasted only three weeks before it was suspended again 
• The only other option that Charles had was Thomas Wentworth. 
• Wentworth was an Irishman. 
• This did not help Charles at all, and only made his circumstances worse. 

DBQ Format Quiz

1. What is the range of scores for a DBQ? 0-9
2. What is the highest score that a DBQ lacking a thesis can get? 5
3. If you have 12 documents, what is the minimum number of documents you must cite in your DBQ? 8
4. Explain what 'bias' is. The preference to one opinion over another
5. Explain what 'groupings' mean. No idea 
6. What a citation for Document 5 would look like? (Document 5)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Navigator
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew_Diaz
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_gama
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macao
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando_cortez
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizarro

Notes 11/12/10

• Hapsburg- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapsburg
• Wanted to stop the Protestants gains in the Holy Roman Empire
• France wanted Germany to do well, so they didn't care if Protestants or Catholics were in power
• France supported the Protestants because they were ahead, even though they were Catholic
• Protestant Union and the Catholic League started fighting the 30 Year's War
• 1618-1625 -- Bohemian Phase began as a civil war in Bohemia
• Catholics lead by King Ferdinand, Protestants by Fredrick 
• Catholics win
• 1625- 1629 -- King Christian of Denmark (Lutheran) intervened and supported Protestants vs Albert Wallenstein (Catholic)
• Wallenstein wins- destroys Protestant forces
• Ferdinand decree restores any land lost by the Catholics 
• 1630-1635 -- Swedish Phase
• Protestants, Dutch allies, and French allies turn to King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus)
• Beats the Catholics and doesn't allow them to unify
• 1635- 1648 -- French Phase
• Gustavus dies
• France sees that the Protestants need reinforcements (Not all Swedes are allies now)
• Dutch, French, and some Swedes are fighting against Catholic Germany
• Diplomats met in 1648 in Westphalia 
• Each independent German principality was given the right to make its own treaties and diplomacy rules
• Calvinism was accepted
• Independence of the Dutch Republic and the neutrality of Switzerland were formally recognized (still in place, written into Constitution of Switzerland)
• No one actually won the Thirty Year's War
• The French annexed Alsace http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace
• Germany was devastated 
• Most of th fighting to place
• As many as 1/3 of the German people died
• The Treaty of Westphalia did nothing to unify Germany
• It remained many separate principalities
• Never became a nation
• France came in at the end and took advantage of the Germans being weak

Notes 11/5/10

• Christine de Pizan-
• 1365-1434
• Writer in the Renaissance
• Wrote a history of famous women
• Often referred to as the first feminist

• Isabella d'Este-
• Most famous woman of the Renaissance
• Born into a ruling family
• Married into a ruling family
• Known as an art patron
• Perfect example of Castiglione's ideal courtly lady

• Erasmus- 
• Humanist
• Worked on editing editions of the New Testament
• Best known text is a satire (political comedy) called The Praise of Folly
• Made fun of Pope Julius II
• Lead the papal army to war 
• Commissioned Michelangelo for the Sistine Chapel
• Continued to write in Latin

• Thomas More- 
• Leading humanist in England
• Statesman and Lord Chancellor under Henry VIII
• Coined the word utopia
• the perfect society
• Imprisoned in the Tower of London and executed
• Became a Saint

• Montaigne
• The major writer/thinker in France during the Renaissance
• Statesman and author 
• Invented the personal essay

• Johannes Gutenberg
• Created the printing press in 1456
• First published the Gutenberg Bible
• By 1500 there were 8-20 million books printed
• Allowed for the transmission of writing to move all around Europe
• Had a major effect on the success of the Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther
• Very devout Catholic monk
• Saw a problem with the heirarchy of the Catholic Church
• October 31, 1517- 95 Theses
• Martin Luther's 4 Key Beliefs
• Salvation is achieved by faith alone
• The Bible is the only valid authority for Christian life
• The Church consists of a priesthood of all believers; no Pope, all people would be equal
• All vocations have equal merit

• John Calvin
• Believed that God was good, people were wicked, and very few people would be saved
• 
  

The Prince

Part One

Remirro da Orca would do well in the modern world as a manager of a sweatshop.  Although he is “a swift and cruel man,” (Machiavelli, VII), Remirro da Orca “restored peace and unity with greatest success,” (Machiavelli, VII).  He had the ability to control large amounts of people through his cruelty, but was not so unjust that there would be a revolt against him.  He could keep people in line and doing their job well though intimidation.  The manager of a sweatshop can lord over the people he is in charge of because they have nowhere else to go, just like the people in Romagna.   

Oliverotto da Fermo would best succeed as a tabloid reporter.  He was raised by his uncle, Giovanni Fogliani, after he was orphaned, and trained and fought under his two uncles.  He trusted them, and they in return trusted him.  When he was older, he decided that he wanted to take his uncles’ land, so he invited himself to visit and was greeted with great hospitality.  There was a great banquet to be held for Oliverotto, but Machiavelli says that “no sooner were they seated than soldiers issued from secret places and slaughtered Giovanni and the rest,” (Machiavelli, VIII).  Oliverotto slaughtered the members of his family that had shown him kindness in order to gain power, and he had no conscience about it.  Oliverotto would be good in tabloids because he has no shame and no sense of boundaries; both important qualities for someone who makes their living making up lies to accompany embarrassing or fake pictures.

Cesare Borgia would work well in the mafia.  He came to power because of his family (specifically, his father becoming the Pope) and paid close attention to his roots.  Cesare Borgia kept his family and where he came from in mind, which would help him fit into the mafia mindset very well.  He put his family above all else, and had no problems killing off people like Oliverotto da Fermo who took advantage of their family and sacrificed them to get ahead. 

Part Two

            Machiavelli says that prince’s greatest ally is the common people.  “A prince can never secure himself against a hostile people, because of their being too many, whilst from the nobles he can secure himself, as they are few in number,” (Machiavelli, IX). 

He who obtains sovereignty by the assistance of the nobles maintains himself with more difficulty than he who comes to it by the aid of the people, because the former finds himself with many around him who consider themselves his equals, and because of this he can neither rule nor manage them to his liking. But he who reaches sovereignty by popular favour finds himself alone, and has none around him, or few, who are not prepared to obey him. (Machiavelli, IX)

The common people will be loyal to the prince, and if the people are loyal to him, the prince will stay in power.  “Because men, when they receive goods from him of whom they were expecting evil, are bound more closely to their benefactor; thus the people quickly become more devoted to him,” (Machiavelli, IX).  The nobles are few in number, so they could be disposed of if their allegiance wavered, but the people are what decide the power of the prince.

Part 3

            The line between being endearingly generous and too generous is thin, and a prince must walk this line very carefully.  While a generous ruler is admired, he can also be taken advantage of, and be seen as weak.  If he is generous, he will soon use u what he has by giving it away, and the common people would have to pay for it with a raise in taxes.  “So that a prince thus inclined will consume in such acts all his property, and will be compelled in the end, if he wish to maintain the name of liberal, to unduly weigh down his people, and tax them, and do everything he can to get money,” (Machiavelli, XVI). 

A prince shouldn’t try to please the people by being generous because they will eventually think that he is generous, no matter what he does.  “if he is wise he ought not to fear the reputation of being mean, for in time he will come to be more considered than if liberal,” (Machiavelli, XVI).  The appearance of being generous while rising to power is good for leaders, as proven by Pope Julius II.  “Pope Julius the Second was assisted in reaching the papacy by a reputation for liberality, yet he did not strive afterwards to keep it up,” (Machiavelli, XVI).  If the first impression of a prince is that he is generous, the people will continue to think of him in that way.  Generosity, to Machiavelli, is not a way to live, but a political strategy.

Part Four

            Machiavelli’s views on how to rule go against the Church’s teachings, especially the Beatitudes.  “Blessed are the merciful, for they will be shown mercy,” (Beatitude 7).  Machiavelli thinks that mercy is a form of weakness, and should only be used when there is something to gain from it.  He justifies it by saying, “He will be more merciful than those who, through too much mercy, allow disorders to arise, from which follow murders or robberies,” (Machiavelli, XVII).  Machiavelli is trying to say that having mercy is a bad thing, but what he doesn’t realize is that a prince who doesn’t show mercy to his subjects will not be shown mercy. 

“Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven,” (Beatitude 10).  Machiavelli was not interested in the kingdom of heaven; he was interested in living in the moment.  He wrote The Prince to teach people how to gain power and keep it, and was not interested in trying to make them better people.  Machiavelli teaches to preserve yourself and your power at all costs, not to do the right thing in order for the reward of heaven.  “Nevertheless our experience has been that those princes who have done great things have held good faith of little account,” (Machiavelli, XVIII).  Those who were persecuted because of righteousness may or may not be in the kingdom of heaven, but they are more likely to be remembered for good than a selfish prince who wanted only to further his political career.    

Part Five

            While the Beatitudes are a noble way to try and live life, the success of the advice in the prince disproves how effective they are.  “Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth,” (#5).  The meek of Machiavelli’s time would be the people without authority: the common people.  The common people, if the Beatitude was right, should have controlled their land and county.  Instead, a prince who is taught, “The soldiers loved the warlike prince who was bold, cruel, and rapacious,” (Machiavelli, XIX) will control the land and the country of the meek.  Machiavelli taught that boldness was the way to win, and was right. 

“Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called sons of God,” (Beatitude 9).  The phrase “peacemaker” is not in The Prince, which is not surprising.  Machiavelli had no interest in peace, unless there was an ulterior motive.  “A prince ought to have no other aim or thought, nor select anything else for his study, than war and its rules and discipline,” (Machiavelli, XIV).  The peacemakers who chose not to fight would not gain land, and would lose their own.  While lives would be saved, land and power would be lost, therefore ruining a principality.  Machiavelli was not interested in becoming a better person or making princes into moral role models.  Instead, he taught princes how to succeed in the ludicrous game of staying on top.  The Beatitudes were a good way for priests and other religious people to live, but to get ahead; they simply could not provide the same amount of pure strategy that The Prince covered.      

Machiavelli , N. (1513). The prince. Retrieved from http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/machiavelli-prince.html

"The Beatitudes." New International Version of the Bible. Matthew 5:3-12.

France Presentation

<object width="480" height="385"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/AAp7sdiTEKI?fs=1&amp;hl=en_US"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/AAp7sdiTEKI?fs=1&amp;hl=en_US" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="480" height="385"></embed></object>

Notes 10/28/10

Florence

• Ruled by wealthy merchant families
• Giotto (wall painting)
• Donatello (sculpture)
• Brunelleschi (Florence Cathedral and invented perspective)
• Leonardo Da Vinci 
• Botticelli 
• Michelangelo (was accepted by Lorenzo but later went against him)
• Raphael

Venice 
Milan

Quattrocento

Renaissance Spirit

Celebrating the Individual

• Oration on the Dignity of Man
• by Pico della Mirandola
• Opposite of the English viewpoint

Baldassare Castigilione-

• wrote The Book of the Courtier

1494-Charles VIII invaded Italy trying to take Naples 

King Ferdinand II contests Charles' right to Naples

Habsburg-Valois War

Machiavelli

•  father of political science
• wanted to help the principalities that had been damaged by the Habsburg-Valois War
• 3 pieces of advice for princes from Machiavelli
•  Approach relationships pessimistically
• A Prince has to be sly and manipulative
• A Prince must be ruthless and pragmatic (dealing with your enemies to get what you want)

Notes 10/25/10

• A Dominican monk named Savonarola hated anything that was not strictly dedicated to religion. He thought that Lorenzo was the root of all his evil.
• July 29, 1487- Lorenzo's wife died from tuberculosis.
• Lorenzo established the first art school in 1488.
• Michelangelo was 13 when he went to the art school and was taken under the wing of Lorenzo. He grew up alongside of Lorenzo's seven children, almost as if he was related to them. Michelangelo wanted to receive Lorenzo's approval. Michelangelo was drawn to the Classical legends he heard from Lorenzo and Lorenzo's friends. He had entered into a dangerous subject, even more so then because Savonarola had gained followers.
• Florence was split between the people wanted secular society and the people who thought Savonarola was right.
• Lorenzo was losing power. People asked for favors that could not be done and they walked away empty handed
• Lorenzo fell sick and was given a special type of medicine. He knew that his problems were more than just physical, so he turned to the Church.
• Lorenzo called Savonarola to his deathbed, asking for redemption. Savonarola damned Lorenzo to eternal Hell.
• Lorenzo died at age 43
• Savonarola seized his chance to change Florence.
• Botticelli now painted Christian, apocalyptic scenes, almost exactly what Savonarola had been teaching.
• Savonarola organized a public burning of books, figurines, jewels, anything and everything that was connected to Lorenzo. "The Bonfire of the Vanities"
• Savonarola tortured prostitutes and burned homosexuals
• Botticelli had to burn his own paintings in fear of the wrath of Savonarola

Holy Roman Empire

• Switzerland, Bohemia, Burgundy, Italy, and Germany
• Fredrick III- Holy Roman Emperor
• from a major family in Austria
• German Catholicism was a big deal
• the emperor took his cue from the Pope
• Late 15th Century- Fredrick II and his son, Maximilian (they were ruling together) declared war on Hungary
• the Pope would use Catholic countries to fight his wars

Notes 10/22/10

• In Northern Italy, there was feuding between the Holy Roman Empire and the Vatican
• Many larger city-states annexed their smaller neighbors (to swallow up and make part of themselves)
• Florence annexed Pisa
• Milan was annexing many towns around them
• Almost constant battle throughout central Italy
• Siege warfare was popular (surround the town and starve them out)
• Genoa was very powerful at sea
• Genoa beat Pisa, but Venice becomes the main navel power
• 1454- Florence, Milan, and Venice were the major powers of Italy
• Signed the Treaty of Lodi 
• Lorenzo Medici
• Not as diplomatic as Cosimo
• Pazzi were the 2nd richest family in Florence
• They were older and had more noble lineage
• Lorenzo kept the Pazzi out of political office
• The Pazzi wanted to eliminate the Medici, especially Lorenzo
• The Church owed the Medici a lot of monet, so they were with the Pazzi
• 1478, Easter Day- both of the Medici brothers were in the Cathedral, so they attacked during Mass
• Giuliano was killed
• Lorenzo was injured, but showed himself to the crowd to get support
• Supporters of the Medici killed the people conspiring against them
• The Pope ordered troops to wipe out the Medici
• Lorenzo traveled for 3 months
• A deal is struck between Lorenzo and his enemies
• The enemy troops were called off with charm, political skill, and bribes
• Lorenzo adopted the illegitimate son of his brother as an heir and made a law that said all legislation had to go through him
• Michelangelo
• 
  

Re-Written Henry VIII

Henry VIII of England was a controversial king, especially in his handling of his divorce from Catharine of Aragon.  Henry VIII no longer had a use for Catharine in his mind, but the Pope would not annul his marriage.  What was a king who was used to getting what he wanted to do?   The shameful divorce of Henry VIII and Catharine of Aragon took its form in the Act of Supremacy, causing huge religious changes within England, and causing a split from the church that changed England for the worse.

            Catharine was originally had married Arthur, Henry VIII’s older brother, in 1501.  However, Arthur died suddenly at 15, and Henry became the heir to the English throne.  He married Catharine after he became king in 1509, and only thought of the political implications of the marriage.  However, he came to realize later how wrong it was to marry his brother’s widow.  Henry was a religious man, and when Catharine could only produce a female heir (Mary) and no boy, Henry had to think of Leviticus 20:21, “'If a man marries his brother's wife, it is an act of impurity; he has dishonored his brother. They will be childless.” (http://bible.cc/leviticus/20-21.htm)  Henry must have realized that this verse applied to him, and wanted to be rid of the burden that was Catharine, however unfair that was to her and Mary.

            “Albeit the king's Majesty justly and rightfully is and ought to be the supreme head of the Church of England, and so is recognized by the clergy of this realm in their convocations…” (http://www.thenagain.info/Classes/Sources/ActSupremacy.html) The Act of Supremacy was a way for Henry to get whatever he wanted.  He had made himself the head of the Catholic Church, which meant that there was literally no check or balance for what he did.  He divorced Catharine and took a new wife, Anne Boleyn, who on her coronation day was “as the condition thereof doth well appear by reason she is now somewhat big with child.” (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cramner-hen8.html)  Henry never had to worry about the Catholic Church saying ‘no’ again, but splitting a Catholic nation from the Catholic Church us not a good idea.  After Henry VIII died, there would be bloody battles between the Protestants and Catholics, partly because of the failure on Henry’s part to take ‘no’ for an answer.  Henry thought way too highly of himself, and just wanted more power.  He crossed a line by taking control of the Church too, and was obviously a king with no one’s agenda in mind besides his own.

            While not many people truly ‘deserve’ to be shunned by their spouses, Catharine was perhaps one of the least deserving women you could imagine. While she did not give him a male heir, she tried as hard as she could to please him, and seemed to love him with all her heart.  While she was still the Queen, she wrote him encouraging letters while he was off at war.  “And with this I make an end, praying God to send you home shortly, for without this no joy here can be accomplished.” (http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html)  She obviously cared deeply for him both during and after their marriage, always signing her letters ‘Your humble wife and true servant, Katharine.’  Even in her last letter to him, she speaks of her love for him, and wished him the best.  “The hour of my death now drawing on, the tender love I owe you forceth me, my case being such, to commend myself to you, and to put you in remembrance with a few words of the health and safeguard of your soul which you ought to prefer before all worldly matters.” (http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter5.html)  However, she does let on in her signature her indignity of having her title stripped and being sent off as dowager princess.  Instead of signing in her usual way, she signed the letter ‘Katharine the Queene.’

            Henry VIII was power hungry, selfish, and spoiled.  He wanted to have everything go his way, and was willing to do stupid things to get what he wanted. He was married six times, and never stopped to think that his bad fortune was brought on by his bad decisions.  Catharine was a good and loving wife, and he should have appreciated that and stayed loyal to her.  Instead, he took away her crown, her dignity, and her daughter’s legitimacy.  He became ruler of the Catholic Church on a whim, and did not have the responsibility to have that much power. When Mary I would rule, she would burn Protestants to try and fix her father's mistake, and leave Elizabeth I to deal with the mess.  Henry VIII had no right to make himself the head of the Catholic Church, to divorce Catharine of Aragon, or to put himself before England.

           

 Works Cited

"The Act of Supremacy." Then Again. . . Web. 03 Oct. 2010. <http://www.thenagain.info/Classes/Sources/ActSupremacy.html>.

Leviticus. New International Version. Biblos. Web. 3 Oct. 2010. <http://bible.cc/leviticus/20-21.htm>.

Leviticus. New International Version. Biblos. Web. 3 Oct. 2010. <http://bible.cc/leviticus/20-21.htm>.

"Medieval Sourcebook: Letter of Thomas Cranmer, 1533." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 03 Oct. 2010. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cramner-hen8.html>.

"Primary Sources - Letter from Katharine of Aragon to Her Husband, King Henry VIII, 16 September 1513." EnglishHistory.net. Web. 03 Oct. 2010. <http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html>.

"Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to Her Husband, King Henry VIII, 7 January 1536." EnglishHistory.net. Web. 03 Oct. 2010. <http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter5.html>.

Notes 10/8/10

• Giotto
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto
• The first person to break out of o,d painting styles and into Fresco
• He painted scenes instead of people
• Painted "normal" looking people
• All religious paintings because he was working for churches
• Fra Angelico
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico
• Was more detailed
• Filippo Brunelleschi
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi
• The Medici were willing to take a gamble and try Brunelleschi's designs
• He brought back ancient techniques
• Cosimo Medici would publicly support Brunelleschi's plans
• He was going to build the largest dome in the world, and there was a large gamble
• Brunelleschi was inspired by the design of the Parthenon
• Giovanni made a shifting gear so that oxen could walk forward while the gear switched direction, raising and lowering stones
• Cosimo is imprisoned, accused of treason, and found guilty
• He was supposed to be executed, but he bribed his jailers and was set free
• Cosimo and his family were exiled, and Brunelleschi was thrown in jail
• Agents of the Pope came, and Cosimo's exile was over
• He was offered control of Florence again, and he accepted
• Brunelleschi actually laid some of the brick
• 1436- the dome was completed

Notes on Elizabeth

• Started her reign at 25
• Very diplomatic
• Her mother was Anne Boleyn
• Henry and Anne were married when Anne was 6 months pregnant
• Childhood
• She was given her own household at 3 months old
• Mary was sent by Anne Boleyn to be Elizabeth's lady-in-waiting
• Everyone besides Anne's children was bastardized by Henry
• Anne was executed soon after, and Elizabeth was declared a bastard
• She was kept away from Henry for her own safety
• When she was 6, she was shown naked to a bunch of French ambassadors as a bride
• 1537- Edward was finally born from Jane Seymour
• 1543- The royal children were brought to court after Henry married again
• She was taught more than almost any other woman, and learned a formidable amount
• Elizabeth was fascinated by her father
• 1547- Henry died
• There were plots against her from a young age
• Her ten year old brother became king
• Elizabeth stayed with Katharine Par, Henry's widow
• Edward and Thomas Seymour ruled 
• Thomas married Katharine, and they moved in together
• Thomas would "invade her bed hangings and have a romp"
• It taught her caution
• After Katharine died, Thomas tried to marry Elizabeth
• The Seymour scandal faded, and she could see her brother again
• Edward died, and Lady Jane was declared queen
• Mary and Lady Jane were in competition for queen, and Mary won
• Lady Jane was executed
• Mary's Reign
• Elizabeth was next in line after Mary
• Mary wanted to marry Philip of Spain, and that made Elizabeth much more popular
• Elizabeth was approached by rebels, but they did not succeed
• She was put in the Tower of London, but there was no evidence that she was connected with the rebellions
• Elizabeth was allowed to return to her home
• Philip returned to Spain after 2 phantom pregnancies
• Mary say that she was losing to her sister, and she said that Elizabeth could be her successor
• During Elizabeth's Reign
• 1558- Named queen
• She had a famous temper
• She didn't like Parliament
• She flaunted her availability to marry in order to get what she wanted
• She was only interested in one man: Robert Dudley
• His wife was discovered dead with her neck broken at the bottom of some stairs
• Elizabeth and Dudley could not marry because of the rumors about the death of his wife
• Mary, Queen of Scots, was the next in line for the thrown
• She was Catholic
• Elizabeth imprisoned Mary for 19 years
• Mary and Elizabeth never met, but Elizabeth took her to court
• Mary was found guilty of plots against Elizabeth, and was beheaded
• 1578- Elizabeth starts to use "The Virgin Queen" as what people will remember her as
• 1579- She didn't have a chance to have children
• Sir Frances Drake sailed through a place that made Philip angry, because he thought that it was 'his'
• Armies led by Drake won against the Spanish
• Robert Dudley died a few moths later
• Robert Devereux, the stepson of Robert Dudley, was Elzabeth's loverShe forgave many faults of his, but he tried to raise a rebellion against her, so she had to have him executed
• James VI was her successor