- Machiavelli wanted the state to be secular
- Merchants and rising middle class resented the bishops' power
- Peasantry in England, France, and Germany began to revolt openly against the Church Authority
- 1483-1536 Martin Luther
- Was a monk
- Led the attack on indulgences from within the Church
- 1517- Luther Posted the 95 Thesis
- The German people were very open to Luther
- Calvin believed that moral justice must take precedence
- SELF CONTROL was his central belief
- Believed that most people were damned
- The Council of Trent was passed
- There was a rise in folk religion and witchcraft
- The power if the monarchs increases
- The major war was the 30 Years War
- The Peace of Augsburg
- Allowed the principalities to choose their religion
- There were alliances formed between Protestants and between Catholics, which defeated the purpose
- The Thirty Years War started in Bohemia when Ferdinand (a Catholic) became king
- Afraid he was going to make Bohemia Catholic again
- Ferdinand used Jesuits to reclaim his territory
- The King of Denmark joined the Protestants
- Only joined to gain land
- Gustavus Adolphus, King of Swede, joined the war for his country
- Won the battle, but died during it
- Cardinal Ricelout accepted any allies, regardless of religion
- Went to war with Spain with Protestant allies
- After they won, the Treaty of Westphalia was introduced
- Protestantism was illegal in France, but they grew in numbers and attracted nobility
- Appealed for better treatment
- There was a marriage arrangement between Protestant and Catholic nobility, but the Medici's encouraged riots at the wedding, which ended in the St. Bartholomew's day massacre
- The Scots rebelled against Mary, Queen of Scots
Tuesday, December 14, 2010
Review
Sunday, December 12, 2010
Dutch Republic Being Awesome
The Dutch Republic in the 17th Century was an example of success in Europe, and achieved this success by daring to be different from its neighbors. It was a place for people of all religions to go, the home of the most trusted currency in the world, and it did it all by having a totally different way of working. The Dutch Republic, by adopting a representative democracy instead of following the precedent set by surrounding countries of an absolute monarchy achieved religious toleration, the world's strongest economy for the time, and an excellent middle class work force.
The Dutch Republic had a governmental system that is remarkably similar to the modern system in the United Stated of America. Each of the nine provinces had their own leader, called a stadholder, that they had chosen. The stadholders controlled the different provinces, but they didn’t ever use their power to try and gain prestige; they did their job and stepped down when it was time that they did. Because of the lack of a centralized government, there was little religious intolerance and censorship. Huguenots, Catholics, Jew, and many other religions went to Dutch Republic, and each of them were welcomed. Without a government to enforce a specific religion, there was no need to discriminate. The same was true for censorship; there was no need, because there was no government that felt the need to rule with an iron fist.
The florin, the Dutch gold coin, was used as international currency. This was achieved through the solid economy of the Dutch Republic. The Dutch Republic had many energy sources readily available to them, which included windmills and sawmills. Because of these cheap energy sources, the Dutch were able to extend their goods to the Dutch East India Trading Company, which allowed them to reach most of the known world with their products. The huge amount of the world that their trade covered allowed for stability, and the natural resources they had also gave them room to grow.
The middle class work force in the 17th Century Dutch Republic was one of the best of that time period because of its work ethic. The mainly Protestant workforce lived frugally because it was against the Calvinist faith to have luxuries. There were people of all faiths in the work force, especially because of the immigration rush of Sephardi Jews from Portugal and Spain and the Huguenots from France. The differently skilled nationalities created a diverse and hardworking work force, and this was what helped create the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic.
The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic was something to be envied by other European countries, and something to be inspired by in modern times. Religious toleration, a strong and stable economy, and a enviable workforce are within the grasp of a truly remarkable country.
<iframe width="425" height="350" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Monument+to+the+Great+Fire+of+London&msa=0&msid=105296512312527373166.000496467612f37bfe5fd&ll=51.5112,-0.099735&spn=0.037072,0.110035&t=h&z=13&output=embed"></iframe><br /><small>View <a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?f=q&source=embed&hl=en&geocode=&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Monument+to+the+Great+Fire+of+London&msa=0&msid=105296512312527373166.000496467612f37bfe5fd&ll=51.5112,-0.099735&spn=0.037072,0.110035&t=h&z=13" style="color:#0000FF;text-align:left">Great Fire of London</a> in a larger map</small>
Galileo, born in the 1500's, was one of the most influential voices of the Scientific Revolution. He crossed boundaries and gave up everything for science, which got him in trouble with the Roman Catholic Church. He dared to think of things in a new way, and modern science owes everything to him. The persecution of Galileo was am abomination, as it set back a philosophical, mathematical, and scientific genius from achieving even more than he already had.
Galileo's discoveries were monumental, but he also had to deal with the less glamorous side of being a scientist in the 1500's and 1600's. His equipment was rudimentary, and his discoveries are only made more amazing by the fact that he could find out anything by using them. The thermometer that he invented was a failure, and his telescope, which seems very important to someone who discovered the sunspots on Venus and saw Neptune, was fairly rudimentary. It had a magnification of 30x, while electron microscopes have thousands of times that today. In fact, many people speculate that the reason that he was blind by the age of 70 was because of the strain of looking through his telescope. Lack of equipment for scientists has always been a problem, yet some of the greatest discoveries have been made with the simplest of means: Mendel and his peas for example. Mendel and Galileo both had a lack of equipment, yet Mendel became known as the father of genetics through his work with pea plants in a monastery, and Galileo became the father of the Scientific Revolution with a faulty telescope.
One cannot become one of the most famous and respected scientists and philosophers by twiddling their thumbs. Galileo made some of the most shocking and controversial discoveries of his time, and proved that he has earned his spot in the Scientist's Hall of Fame. Galileo was the first to see Neptune through a telescope, although at the time, he thought that he was seeing a distant star. Even more astounding, Galileo proved that the universe was heliocentric. Heliocentric means that he proved that the Earth rotated around the Sun, which was a huge feat at the time. He discovered, using his home-made telescope, that there were sunspots on Venus, which proved that Venus was revolving around the Sun, not the Earth. Through more experimentation, he was able to publish a book completely disproving the (until then) unquestioned theory that the Earth was at the center of the universe, and that all other planets, and the Sun, rotated around it. While in modern times, it is taught that the Earth revolves around the Sun, this principle came from Galileo, 500 years ago.
While Galileo is extremely appreciated today, the same cannot be said for the leaders of his time. While he was writing his book proving that the universe was heliocentric, Pope Urban VIII requested that his, and thereby the Church's, opinion be put in the book. He also requested that Galileo show both the argument for and against heliocentricity, but that he prove that the universe was not heliocentric. While Galileo did put the Pope's opinions in, he wrote them as quotes from someone else, so that it did not have he Church's authority behind it. He also ignored the "request" to disprove heliocentricity, but not out of spite. He merely had too much proof to say otherwise. In his book, Galileo disproved Aristotle's teaching that the Earth cannot be moved. He also disproved many Bible verses that said essentially the same thing. Because Aristotle and the Bible were endorsed by the Roman Catholic Church, they felt that Galileo was attacking their accountability, and the Inquisition stopped the release of his book soon after it was published and released. Galileo was called to trial, and found guilty of heresy. He was forced to retract everything in his book, and was put in house arrest for the rest of his life, about four years. While Galileo was publishing theories contrary to the Church, he didn't intend for them to be arguing against what the Church taught. He said that some of the Bible shouldn't be taken literally, and that his findings only increased proof of God. However, the Catholic Church wouldn't listen, and he was locked away. This instance is similar to treatment that many scientists got from the Catholic Church. Even today, some brands of Christianity, called Literalists, believe that everything in the Bible is to be taken completely literally, including that the Earth is at the center of the universe. No matter what scientists do, there will always be religious skeptics, and Galileo is an example of that.
Galileo was a man with influence in both his time, and ours. He made impossible discoveries with unimpressive equipment, he had to face the Church, and he was imprisoned in his own home for telling an amazing truth. Galileo has shaped our world, and was wrongly persecuted for heresy.
Galileo's discoveries were monumental, but he also had to deal with the less glamorous side of being a scientist in the 1500's and 1600's. His equipment was rudimentary, and his discoveries are only made more amazing by the fact that he could find out anything by using them. The thermometer that he invented was a failure, and his telescope, which seems very important to someone who discovered the sunspots on Venus and saw Neptune, was fairly rudimentary. It had a magnification of 30x, while electron microscopes have thousands of times that today. In fact, many people speculate that the reason that he was blind by the age of 70 was because of the strain of looking through his telescope. Lack of equipment for scientists has always been a problem, yet some of the greatest discoveries have been made with the simplest of means: Mendel and his peas for example. Mendel and Galileo both had a lack of equipment, yet Mendel became known as the father of genetics through his work with pea plants in a monastery, and Galileo became the father of the Scientific Revolution with a faulty telescope.
One cannot become one of the most famous and respected scientists and philosophers by twiddling their thumbs. Galileo made some of the most shocking and controversial discoveries of his time, and proved that he has earned his spot in the Scientist's Hall of Fame. Galileo was the first to see Neptune through a telescope, although at the time, he thought that he was seeing a distant star. Even more astounding, Galileo proved that the universe was heliocentric. Heliocentric means that he proved that the Earth rotated around the Sun, which was a huge feat at the time. He discovered, using his home-made telescope, that there were sunspots on Venus, which proved that Venus was revolving around the Sun, not the Earth. Through more experimentation, he was able to publish a book completely disproving the (until then) unquestioned theory that the Earth was at the center of the universe, and that all other planets, and the Sun, rotated around it. While in modern times, it is taught that the Earth revolves around the Sun, this principle came from Galileo, 500 years ago.
While Galileo is extremely appreciated today, the same cannot be said for the leaders of his time. While he was writing his book proving that the universe was heliocentric, Pope Urban VIII requested that his, and thereby the Church's, opinion be put in the book. He also requested that Galileo show both the argument for and against heliocentricity, but that he prove that the universe was not heliocentric. While Galileo did put the Pope's opinions in, he wrote them as quotes from someone else, so that it did not have he Church's authority behind it. He also ignored the "request" to disprove heliocentricity, but not out of spite. He merely had too much proof to say otherwise. In his book, Galileo disproved Aristotle's teaching that the Earth cannot be moved. He also disproved many Bible verses that said essentially the same thing. Because Aristotle and the Bible were endorsed by the Roman Catholic Church, they felt that Galileo was attacking their accountability, and the Inquisition stopped the release of his book soon after it was published and released. Galileo was called to trial, and found guilty of heresy. He was forced to retract everything in his book, and was put in house arrest for the rest of his life, about four years. While Galileo was publishing theories contrary to the Church, he didn't intend for them to be arguing against what the Church taught. He said that some of the Bible shouldn't be taken literally, and that his findings only increased proof of God. However, the Catholic Church wouldn't listen, and he was locked away. This instance is similar to treatment that many scientists got from the Catholic Church. Even today, some brands of Christianity, called Literalists, believe that everything in the Bible is to be taken completely literally, including that the Earth is at the center of the universe. No matter what scientists do, there will always be religious skeptics, and Galileo is an example of that.
Galileo was a man with influence in both his time, and ours. He made impossible discoveries with unimpressive equipment, he had to face the Church, and he was imprisoned in his own home for telling an amazing truth. Galileo has shaped our world, and was wrongly persecuted for heresy.
Monday, December 6, 2010
Explain how the trials and tribulations of Galileo pointed toward the future of Europe while at the same time are an example of the realities of his own time.
Galileo
30x telescope
heliocentric instead of the earth
forced to retract his book
house arrest
Inqusition
pope urban VIII
aristotle
Intro
Equipment
Discoveries
Catholic Church
Conclusion
Galileo, born in the 1500's, was one of the most influential voices of the Scientific Revolution. He crossed boundaries and gave up everything for science, which got him in trouble with the Roman Catholic Church. he dared to think of things in a new way, and modern science owes everything to him. Galileo was a mathematical, scientific, and philosophical genius in his time, and was wrongly persecuted by the Roman Catholic Church.
Galileo's discoveries were monumental, but he also had to deal with the less glamorous side of being a scientist in the 1500's and 1600's. His equipment was rudimentary, and his discoveries are only made more amazing by the fact that he could find out anything by using them. The thermometer that he invented was a failure, and his telescope, which seems very important to someone who discovered the sunspots on Venus and saw Neptune, was fairly rudimentary. It had a magnification of 30x, while electron microscopes have thousands of times that today. In fact, many people speculate that the reason that he was blind by the age of 70 was because of the strain of looking through his telescope. Lack of equipment for scientists has always been a [problem, yet some of the greatest discoveries have been made with the simplest of means: Mendel and his peas for example. Mendel and Galileo both had a lack of equipment, yet Mendel became known as the father of genetics through his work with pea plants in a monastery, and Galileo became the father of the Scientific Revolution with a faulty telescope.
One cannot become one of the most famous and respected scientists and philosophers by twiddling their thumbs. Galileo made some of the most shocking and controversial discoveries of his time, and proved that he has earned his spot in the Scientist's Hall of Fame. Galileo was the first to see Neptune through a telescope, although at the time, he thought that he was seeing a distant star. Even more astounding, Galileo proved that the universe was heliocentric. Heliocentric means that he proved that the Earth rotated around the Sun, which was a huge feat at the time. He discovered, using his home-made telescope, that there were sunspots on Venus, which proved that Venus was revolving around the Sun, not the Earth. Through more experimentation, he was able to publish a book completely disproving the (until then) unquestioned theory that the Earth was at the center of the universe, and that all other planets, and the Sun, rotated around it. While in modern times, it is taught that the Earth revolves around the Sun, this principle came from Galileo, 500 years ago.
While Galileo is extremely appreciated today, the same cannot be said for the leaders of his time. While he was writing his book proving that the universe was heliocentric, Pope Urban VIII requested that his, and thereby the Church's, opinion be put in the book. He also requested that Galileo show both the argument for and against heliocentricity, but that he prove that the universe was not heliocentric. While Galileo did put the Pope's opinions in, he wrote them as quotes from someone else, so that it did not have he Church's authority behind it. He also ignored the "request" to disprove heliocentricity, but not out of spite. He merely had to much proof to say otherwise. In his book, Galileo disproved Aristotle's teaching that the Earth cannot be moved. He also disproved many Bible verses that said essentially the same thing. Because Aristotle and the Bible were endorsed by the Roman Catholic Church, they felt that Galileo was attacking their accountability, and the Inquisition stopped the release of his book soon after it was published and released. Galileo was called to trial, and found guilty of heresy. He was forced to retract everything in his book, and was put in house arrest for the rest of his life, about four years. While Galileo was publishing theories contrary to the Church, he didn't intend for them to be arguing against what the Church taught. He said that some of the Bible shouldn't be taken literally, and that his findings only increased proof of God. However, the Catholic Church wouldn't listen, and he was locked away. This instance is similar to treatment that many scientists got from the Catholic Church. Even today, some brands of Christianity, called Literalists, believe that everything in the Bible is to be taken completely literally, including that the Earth is at the center of the universe. No matter what scientists do, there will always be religious skeptics, and Galileo is an example of that.
Galileo was a man with influence in both his time, and ours. He made impossible discoveries with unimpressive equipment, he had to face the Church, and he was imprisoned in his own home for telling an amazing truth. Galileo has shaped our world, and was wrongly persecuted for heresy.
30x telescope
heliocentric instead of the earth
forced to retract his book
house arrest
Inqusition
pope urban VIII
aristotle
Intro
Equipment
Discoveries
Catholic Church
Conclusion
Galileo, born in the 1500's, was one of the most influential voices of the Scientific Revolution. He crossed boundaries and gave up everything for science, which got him in trouble with the Roman Catholic Church. he dared to think of things in a new way, and modern science owes everything to him. Galileo was a mathematical, scientific, and philosophical genius in his time, and was wrongly persecuted by the Roman Catholic Church.
Galileo's discoveries were monumental, but he also had to deal with the less glamorous side of being a scientist in the 1500's and 1600's. His equipment was rudimentary, and his discoveries are only made more amazing by the fact that he could find out anything by using them. The thermometer that he invented was a failure, and his telescope, which seems very important to someone who discovered the sunspots on Venus and saw Neptune, was fairly rudimentary. It had a magnification of 30x, while electron microscopes have thousands of times that today. In fact, many people speculate that the reason that he was blind by the age of 70 was because of the strain of looking through his telescope. Lack of equipment for scientists has always been a [problem, yet some of the greatest discoveries have been made with the simplest of means: Mendel and his peas for example. Mendel and Galileo both had a lack of equipment, yet Mendel became known as the father of genetics through his work with pea plants in a monastery, and Galileo became the father of the Scientific Revolution with a faulty telescope.
One cannot become one of the most famous and respected scientists and philosophers by twiddling their thumbs. Galileo made some of the most shocking and controversial discoveries of his time, and proved that he has earned his spot in the Scientist's Hall of Fame. Galileo was the first to see Neptune through a telescope, although at the time, he thought that he was seeing a distant star. Even more astounding, Galileo proved that the universe was heliocentric. Heliocentric means that he proved that the Earth rotated around the Sun, which was a huge feat at the time. He discovered, using his home-made telescope, that there were sunspots on Venus, which proved that Venus was revolving around the Sun, not the Earth. Through more experimentation, he was able to publish a book completely disproving the (until then) unquestioned theory that the Earth was at the center of the universe, and that all other planets, and the Sun, rotated around it. While in modern times, it is taught that the Earth revolves around the Sun, this principle came from Galileo, 500 years ago.
While Galileo is extremely appreciated today, the same cannot be said for the leaders of his time. While he was writing his book proving that the universe was heliocentric, Pope Urban VIII requested that his, and thereby the Church's, opinion be put in the book. He also requested that Galileo show both the argument for and against heliocentricity, but that he prove that the universe was not heliocentric. While Galileo did put the Pope's opinions in, he wrote them as quotes from someone else, so that it did not have he Church's authority behind it. He also ignored the "request" to disprove heliocentricity, but not out of spite. He merely had to much proof to say otherwise. In his book, Galileo disproved Aristotle's teaching that the Earth cannot be moved. He also disproved many Bible verses that said essentially the same thing. Because Aristotle and the Bible were endorsed by the Roman Catholic Church, they felt that Galileo was attacking their accountability, and the Inquisition stopped the release of his book soon after it was published and released. Galileo was called to trial, and found guilty of heresy. He was forced to retract everything in his book, and was put in house arrest for the rest of his life, about four years. While Galileo was publishing theories contrary to the Church, he didn't intend for them to be arguing against what the Church taught. He said that some of the Bible shouldn't be taken literally, and that his findings only increased proof of God. However, the Catholic Church wouldn't listen, and he was locked away. This instance is similar to treatment that many scientists got from the Catholic Church. Even today, some brands of Christianity, called Literalists, believe that everything in the Bible is to be taken completely literally, including that the Earth is at the center of the universe. No matter what scientists do, there will always be religious skeptics, and Galileo is an example of that.
Galileo was a man with influence in both his time, and ours. He made impossible discoveries with unimpressive equipment, he had to face the Church, and he was imprisoned in his own home for telling an amazing truth. Galileo has shaped our world, and was wrongly persecuted for heresy.
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