Notes 3/15/11

• Crimean War-
• Major cause: dispute between two groups of Christians over priveledges in Palestine.  
• In 1852, the Turks who controlled the Holy Land agreed to Napolean's demands to provide enclaves in the Holy Land for the protection of the Roman Catholic Church
• First war covered by journalists
• First war to involve female nurses
• Florence Nightingale- 
• British nurse that became the founder of modern nursing when she realized that more men died from diseases than wounds
• Second French Republic
• Constitution sets up an elected president and one house in their legislature
• Universal male suffrage; could vote regardless of class or land
• Louis Napoleon was president
• He was very focused on stability
• 1851- there was a takeover of the government
• Credit mobilier
• Syllabus of errors
• Italian unification
•  King Victor Emmanuel
• Falloux Law
• Liberal empire
• Count Cavor
• The Law on Convents and Siccardi Law
• "Il Risorgimento"
• Plombieres, 1859
• Giuseppe Garibaldi, Red Shirts
• "Humiliation of Olmutz"
• Zollverein
• kleindeutsch plan
• Otto von Bismark
• "gap theory"
• Prussian-Danish War, 1863
• Austro-Prussian War, 1866
• Reichstag
• Bundestag
• Austro-Hungarian Empire
• Ausgleich
• Real politique
• the example of what was realism

Unit Four

1. c
2. b
3. e
4. e
5. c
6. d
7. a
8. a
9. e
10. a
11. d
12. e
13. a
14. d
15. b
16. c
17. c
18. b
19. e
20. a

4/20

Romanticism and the Enlightenment

To what extent did Romanticism challenge Enlightenment views of human beings and the natural world and how did this challenge illustrate changes between the Enlightenment and Romantic views of the relationship between God and the individual?


Delacroix
Keats




I. Intro
II. Goethe/Faust
III. Shelley
IV. Lord Byron
V. Conclusion


The age of Romanticism was not only a time of change for Europe, but a time of progress.  The Enlightenment had been all about reason, which had sucked all feeling out of the age.  Romanticism changed all of that by bringing in the age of emotions.  Instead of creating art to get paid, people created art to express themselves.  Romantic artists and writers, such as Goethe, Shelley, and Lord Byron used their emotions to create art that would modernize and secularize Europe.


Goethe was a German writer most commonly associated with the Romantic concept of Strurm und Drang.  One of his most famous works shows the very core of European fiction changing into more Romantic pieces.  This work follows his hero Faust, and Faust starts off fighting medieval horrors.  However, as time goes on, Faust begins fighting, not against monsters, but against the supernatural and society.  This is making the leap from scary stories to stories that question the foundation of religion and society.  He is writing from emotion and conflict within himself, not from reason.


Shelley was an English poet who literally wrote the book on atheism.  Because he was not tied down to any moral code on the basis of religion, he was able to pursue his art in any way he wished.  He also had the ability to view life without a threat of Hell at the end, which meant that thee were no consequences for what he did in his life.  This philosophy ended in him leaving his wife for another woman, and feeling totally guilt free about it because he had to be in love to write love poems.  He was consistently looking out for himself, which resulted in not only an immoral life without God, but great poetry.


Delacroix was a French artist who created Liberty Leading the People.  This painting outlines some of the major differences between the Enlightenment and Romanticism.  In Liberty Leading the People, Delacroix uses bright colors to draw attention to different parts of the painting.  It is obvious the pain that is in the painting is shared by him, but there is more than just one raw emotion.  His depiction of Liberty looks bedraggled and beat up, but she also has determination and pride, which is also shared by Delacroix.  He put every one of his hopes and  fears for his country into his painting, which is the difference between the two ages.


The Enlightenment, while extremely beneficial to more scientific parts of Europe's history, does not hold a candle to Romanticism in terms of creativity.  Romanticism gave the world artists whose works were a reflection of their souls, which is still considered a modern concept.  Anything that continues to remain modern over hundreds of years should be considered something special.  The raw emotion of Goethe, Shelley, Delacroix, and other Romantic artists transformed Europe from a God-fearing, reason-seeking place to a place of emotional density and secular beauty from within.

2nd Outline

Thesis: Elizabeth I's brutal childhood, riddled with being raped by Thomas Seymour and living under constant threat from her sister, was the cause of her becoming an unmarried politique who gave up her own desires for a peaceful, yet uneventful, reign.

Definitions:

Politique- one willing to compromise for the greater good

List of other politiques and why

Types of Sources:

Primary:

1559: Response to a Parliamentary Delegation on Her Marriage; 1559: On Religion; 1560: Response to Erik of Sweden's Proposal; 1566: Response to Parliamentary Delegation on Her Marriage; 1583: On Religion; Response to Ambassador of Poland; 1601: The Farewell Speech; 1586: letter from Elizabeth I to Mary, queen of Scots; 1587: letter from Elizabeth I to James VI of Scotland; and other assorted speeches, poetry, and letters

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/elizabeth1.html

http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html#Speeches

http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html#Letters

http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html#Poetry

http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scot-letters.html

Secondary: ES Beesly, Queen Elizabeth (1892); Kaplan; other books TBA, BBC

http://englishhistory.net/tudor/secondary.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/elizabeth_i_01.shtml

Outline:                                                                                        

1.     Queen Elizabeth I was one of England's most influential rulers; so influential that the Elizabethan age is named after her.  She was the last in the line of Tudors, and ruled from 1559 to 1603.  She remains one of the best examples of a politque, one who will compromise their personal gain for the good of their people, that the world has ever seen.  Elizabeth I's brutal childhood, riddled with being raped by Thomas Seymour and living under constant threat from her sister, was the cause of her becoming an unmarried politique who gave up her own desires for a peaceful, yet uneventful, reign.

2.             Background on family

a.     Father-- Henry VIII

b.    Mother-- Anne Boleyn

c.     Parents were married while Anne was 6 months pregnant

d.    All of Henry's children were declared illegitimate besides those produced by Anne

                                              i.Mary was forced to serve Elizabeth as a maidservant

e.     Anne Boleyn was executed because she could not produce a male heir

                                              i.Elizabeth was bastardized

3.             Early childhood (before father's death)

a.       Mother died when she was 2 years and 8 months old

b.      Was shown naked to French diplomats as a future wife at the age of 6

c.       1537- Edward was born

d.      Lived with her brother Edward at Hatfield House

e.       Studied under a governess and became very well educated

4.             Childhood (after father's death)

a.     1547- Henry VIII died, and in his will, the line of succession named Elizabeth the heir after Edward and Mary

b.    Moved in with Katherine Parr, Henry's widow

c.     Katherine married Thomas Seymour, who moved in with her and Elizabeth

d.    Thomas started to take an interest in Elizabeth, who was a young teenager at the time

e.     He would go into her room while she was asleep and not wearing anything and rape her

f.     Occasionally, Katherine Parr would take part as well

g.    Katherine eventually kicked Elizabeth out of the house, and Elizabeth went back to Hatfield

h.     When Katherine Parr died, Thomas Seymour wanted to marry Elizabeth

i.      1549- Seymour was found guilty of trying to marry her in order to overthrow his brother, and was executed

5.             During Mary's Reign

a.     1553- Edward died, and Lady Jane Grey was declared queen.  However, she was only queen for nine days.

b.    Mary and Elizabeth travelled to London for Mary to claim her crown.

c.     Mary wanted to wipe out all non-Catholics, and ordered everyone to go to mass

d.    Elizabeth did, even though she was raised and educated as a Protestant

e.     Mary planned to marry Prince Philip of Spain, which made her unpopular

f.     Rebels against Mary plotted against her in Elizabeth's name, even though she had nothing to do with it

                                              i.Wyatt's rebellion

g.    Elizabeth was put in the Tower, but because she had no connection to the rebels, she was allowed to go back to Hatfield

h.     Mary had 2 miscarriages, and her husband went back to Spain

i.      1558- Mary was on her deathbed, and accepted Elizabeth as her heir.  She died in November.

6.             Elizabeth's reign

a.     1558- Named queen

b.    Her first reform was religion

                                              i.She returned England to being a Protestant country, but didn’t completely erase all traces of Catholicism

7.             Marriage, or Lack Thereof

a.     Elizabeth refused to marry

b.    1556- Parliament threatened to cut off her funds

                                              i.She addressed them and told them that her priority was England

c.     1559- Elizabeth made it clear that she had feelings for her childhood friend, Robert Dudley by saying that if his wife were to die (she was sick), that she would like to marry him

                                              i.Amy Dudley died by falling down the stairs, which the coroner said was an accident

1.             Scandal surrounded her death, and Robert Dudley was suspected to have killed her so that he could marry Elizabeth

d.    Although Elizabeth wanted to marry Dudley, she didn’t because the scandal would have been bad for England

e.     "With Elizabeth the heart never really spoke, and if the senses did, she had them under perfect control. And this was why she never loved or was loved, and never has been or will be regarded with enthusiasm by either man or woman" (http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterone.html)

f.     Her image became that of Virgin Queen, although she wasn't

8.             Defensive Foreign Relations

a.     1585- She sent an army to aid to fight with the Protestant Dutch rebels against Philip II

b.    1588- She defended England against the Spanish Armada

c.     1589- Henry IV (who was Protestant) inherited the French throne, Elizabeth sent her military support

Conclusion

Elizabeth always put the kingdom of England before herself, and she has her early life to thank for that.

Industrial Revolution Free Response

Explain how the Industrial Revolution influenced the rise of conservative and liberal philosophies and explain how those philosophies competed with or related to nationalism in Greece and Germany.


Thesis: The creation of unions in reaction to the horrific treatment of workers and the lack of restrictions on businesses helped boost nationalism across Europe.


I. Introduction
II. Working Conditions
III. Regulations
IV. Nationalism and the working class
V. Conclusion


The Industrial Revolution was a time of prosperity for Europe, but it was also a time of abuse.  While products were being turned out rapidly and businesses were profiting, people working in the factories were not as lucky.  They were forced to work long hours for barely any compensation.  If they complained, they could be easily fired and replaced.  There was no competition in the market, because factory owners would simply make workers work longer hours to keep prices down.  However, unions changed all that.  The creation of unions in reaction to the horrific treatment of workers and the lack of restrictions on businesses helped boost nationalism across Europe.


The Industrial Revolution was the time when unions first came into play, and with good reason.  The workers were put in dangerous situations on a daily basis, and were forced to work inhuman hours.  Without unions to petition for worker's rights, there was no reason for the owners of factories to change the way that they ran their business.  Because there were laws in many countries saying that only land-owners could vote, the factory workers had no control over matters in their country.  With the creation of unions, the common factory worker had a voice, and therefore had a sense of duty and nationalism to their country. 


By regulating the hours that people could work and the conditions that they could work in, unions also created a more stable economy.  Before unions, there was not competition between business.  To provide a cheaper product, factories would simply pay people the same amount of money to work longer hours.  When unions started regulating hours and salaries, businesses had to compete with each other.  Instead of lowering costs, they had to rely on how good their product was.  This allowed the economy to thrive, because there was choice between products.  With a good economy comes happier people, and with happy people comes loyalty to their country.


Nationalism is feeling a strong connection with one's country.  With nationalism comes loyalty, and loyalty is one of the basic needs for a country to thrive.  Without the loyalty of the working class, a country will crumble.  The working class are the people  who keep the economy, and therefore the country running.  Before unions, people of the working class had no sense of nationalism, simply because they owed their nation nothing.  After unions gave them rights, they felt that their country had respected them, and they felt a sense of pride and loyalty toward it.


The creation of unions across Europe during the Industrial Revolution was a turning point in how people felt about their country.  Being treated fairly and having a voice made all the difference to the working class.  Nationalism was achieved through proper treatment of workers, and therefore, and thriving economy based on that good treatment.  The creation of unions in reaction to the horrific treatment of workers and the lack of restrictions on businesses helped boost nationalism across Europe.

Elizabeth I Outline

Thesis: Elizabeth I's brutal childhood, riddled with being raped by Thomas Seymour and living under constant threat from her sister, was the cause of her becoming an unmarried politique who gave up her own desires for a peaceful, yet uneventful, reign.

Definitions:

Politique- One who gives up personal gain for their politics

Parliament-

Other words to later be defined: TBA

Types of Sources:

Primary:

1559: Response to a Parliamentary Delegation on Her Marriage; 1559: On Religion; 1560: Response to Erik of Sweden's Proposal; 1566: Response to Parliamentary Delegation on Her Marriage; 1583: On Religion; Response to Ambassador of Poland; 1601: The Farewell Speech; 1586: letter from Elizabeth I to Mary, queen of Scots; 1587: letter from Elizabeth I to James VI of Scotland; and other assorted speeches, poetry, and letters

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/elizabeth1.html

http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html#Speeches

http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html#Letters

http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html#Poetry

http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scot-letters.html

Secondary: ES Beesly, Queen Elizabeth (1892)

http://englishhistory.net/tudor/secondary.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/elizabeth_i_01.shtml

Useful Quotes:

"With Elizabeth the heart never really spoke, and if the senses did, she had them under perfect control. And this was why she never loved or was loved, and never has been or will be regarded with enthusiasm by either man or woman" (http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterone.html)

Outline:

1. Introduction and overview of Elizabeth's life

2. Background on family

1. Father-- Henry VIII

2. Mother-- Anne Boleyn

3. Parents were married while Anne was 6 months pregnant

4. All of Henry's children were declared illegitimate besides those produced by Anne

1. Mary was forced to serve Elizabeth as a maidservant

5. Anne Boleyn was executed because she could not produce a male heir

1. Elizabeth was bastardized

3. Early childhood (before father's death)

1. Mother died when she was 2 years and 8 months old

2. Was shown naked to French diplomats as a future wife at the age of 6

3. 1537- Edward was born

4. Lived with her brother Edward at Hatfield House

5. Studied under a governess and became very well educated

4. Childhood (after father's death)

1. 1547- Henry VIII died, and in his will, the line of succession named Elizabeth the heir after Edward and Mary

2. Moved in with Katherine Parr, Henry's widow

3. Katherine married Thomas Seymour, who moved in with her and Elizabeth

4. Thomas started to take an interest in Elizabeth, who was a young teenager at the time

5. He would go into her room while she was asleep and not wearing anything and rape her

6. Occasionally, Katherine Parr would take part as well

7. Katherine eventually kicked Elizabeth out of the house, and Elizabeth went back to Hatfield

8. When Katherine Parr died, Thomas Seymour wanted to marry Elizabeth

9. 1549- Seymour was found guilty of trying to marry her in order to overthrow his brother, and was executed

5. During Mary's Reign

1. 1553- Edward died, and Lady Jane Grey was declared queen.  However, she was only queen for nine days.

2. Mary and Elizabeth travelled to London for Mary to claim her crown.

3. Mary wanted to wipe out all non-Catholics, and ordered everyone to go to mass

4. Elizabeth did, even though she was raised and educated as a Protestant

5. Mary planned to marry Prince Philip of Spain, which made her unpopular

6. Rebels against Mary plotted against her in Elizabeth's name, even though she had nothing to do with it

1. Wyatt's rebellion

7. Elizabeth was put in the Tower, but because she had no connection to the rebels, she was allowed to go back to Hatfield

8. Mary had 2 miscarriages, and her husband went back to Spain

9. 1558- Mary was on her deathbed, and accepted Elizabeth as her heir.  She died in November.

6. Elizabeth's reign

1. 1558- Named queen

2. Her first reform was religion

1. She returned England to being a Protestant country, but didn’t completely erase all traces of Catholicism

7. Marriage, or Lack Thereof

1. Elizabeth refused to marry

2. 1556- Parliament threatened to cut off her funds

1. She addressed them and told them that her priority was England

3. 1559- Elizabeth made it clear that she had feelings for her childhood friend, Robert Dudley by saying that if his wife were to die (she was sick), that she would like to marry him

1. Amy Dudley died by falling down the stairs, which the coroner said was an accident

1. Scandal surrounded her death, and Robert Dudley was suspected to have killed her so that he could marry Elizabeth

4. Although Elizabeth wanted to marry Dudley, she didn’t because the scandal would have been bad for England

5. Her image became that of a Virgin Queen, even though she wasn’t

8. Defensive Foreign Relations

1. 1585- She sent an army to aid to fight with the Protestant Dutch rebels against Philip II

2. 1588- She defended England against the Spanish Armada

3. 1589- Henry IV (who was Protestant) inherited the French throne, Elizabeth sent her military support

9. Conclusion

1. Elizabeth always put the kingdom of England before herself, and she has her early life to thank for that.