Notes 9/29/10

• Elizabeth was getting visits to her bed by her guardians husband when she was only 14
• When her guardian died, the husband wanted to marry Elizabeth, and it was rumored that she was pregnant with his child
• Elizabeth was sent to the Tower when a Protestant plot to kill Mary failed
• She spoke out of turn and acted with "manly intelligence"
• She had charisma, but her surrogate father and closest advisor knew that she needed an heir
• Prolonged virginity was thought to cause illness
• Elizabeth and a man named Dudley were possibly lovers
• Dudley was married, but his wife was ailing
• Dudley's wife was found at the bottom of a staircase dead of a broken neck
• Dudley was suspected of pushing her, and they didn't get married
• Elizabeth offered Dudley to marry Mary Stewart, Queen of the Scots (Elizabeth's cousin)
• Mary didn't think that Elizabeth should have been queen, in her eyes Elizabeth was illegitimate
• Mary was next in line for the crown
• Mary didn't want to marry Dudley
• She instead married a total loser; a drunk incapable of doing anything
• A group of men went in and killed Mary's husband in front of her
• Her unborn child was threatened when men pointed a gun at her pregnant belly, and she milked it for all it was worth
• Bothwell (one of Mary's advisors) had Darnley killed
• Bothwell offered himself as a husband by taking her to his castle and raping her
• She married him, and went insane
• Mary had to face enemy armies, and Bothwell disappeared.
• She came back with her breasts exposed, and was seen as a prostitute
• Mary was sent to prison, but escaped after 10 months
• She needed to see Elizabeth
• Elizabeth refused to treat Mary as royalty
• Elizabeth didn't want to return a Catholic queen to Scottish throne
• Elizabeth ordered an inquiry of the murder of Mary's husband
• Mary was kept away from anyone that might try to rescue her
• There was a Catholic uprising, but they were beaten

Notes 9/28/10

• Queen Anne had sex with many people in court, even her own brother
• 2 days after all of her lovers were killed, she was executed
• Henry finally had a son with his next wife, Jane Seymour
• 12 days later Jane died
• A law was passed so that only men of the Church could read the English Bible 
• 1540- Cromwell was executed because Henry didn't like the woman that Cromwell chose for him
• Henry restored the succession of Mary and Elizabeth
• After Henry died, there was a battle for the throne between Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth
• Edward was 9 years old when his father died (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England)
• 1553- Edward died
• Mary (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England)
• A devout Catholic, she went to Mass 2 or 3 times a day
• Raised outside of England
• Grew up in France
• Mary wanted to return England to the Catholic Church and produce a male heir that would keep it that way
• Brought back Mass, Latin text, restores Churches
• Went out of her way to say that they returned to Catholicism or they die
• She thought of Protestants as heretics
• Her husband was Philip II, trying to create ties to the Spanish
• The queen liked Spain better than England
• Died childless
• Elizabeth
• Raised Protestant
• Elizabeth stopped the religious war
• She outlawed Mass and brought back the Common Bible
• She allowed priests to remain celibate, and didn't mind the calender of Saint's Days
• The Pope said that he would bless anyone who assassinated Elizabeth
• Immense amount of public support for Elizabeth
• The Pope tried to influence Spain to start a war with England
• Her reign was known for peace and a rise in culture
• Nationalism and Protestantism became closely tied

Notes 9/24/10

• Henry VIII wanted to get divorced, the Church said no, and Henry split the Church of England
• That began a bloody battle between Protestants and Catholics
• Anne Bolyn
• Anne returned to England at the age of 22
• She was very sophisticated, and used her charm (not very good looking) to flirt
• Henry VIII had to work very hard to woo Anne
• Henry VIII needed a son, and his wife, Katharine could not give him one
• He thought that his marriage was cursed
• Anne wouldn't be his mistress
• The Vatican would not allow Henry to annul the marriage
• She got documents from the early Church that showed royal supremacy
• Henry's ego bloomed, and he built many palaces
• There was a submission by the clergy that the rules of the Church would be given by the king
• Not much changed

Mini Bios

Anne Boleyn was Queen of England from 1533-1536.  She was partially responsible for the split between the Church and the monarchy of England.  She encouraged Henry VIII to divorce his wife, Katharine and they married.  She had a daughter, Princess Elizabeth, but could not bear a son.  She bought many lavish things when she was queen, but was not respected by some of her subjects.  She was called "The King's Whore" and other rude names.  She was executed in 1536 for adultery, incest, and treason.

http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter6.html
http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter8.html
http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter10.html
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anneboleyn2.jpg

Anne Boleyn

Anne Boleyn was Queen of England from 1533-1536.  She was partially responsible for the split between the Church and the monarchy of England.  She encouraged Henry VIII to divorce his wife, Katharine and they married.  She had a daughter, Princess Elizabeth, but could not bear a son.  She bought many lavish things when she was queen, but was not respected by some of her subjects.  She was called "The King's Whore" and other rude names.  She was executed in 1536 for adultery, incest, and treason.

Part I
Henry V:
1387-1413-1422
Henry V was a member of the House of Lancaster and spent most of his reign campaigning in France.


Henry VI:
1421-1422-1461 & 1470-1471
Henry was crowned king of England and France when he was an infant, but went insane at 32.  He recovered and took his throne back in 1470.


Edward IV:
1442-1461-1470 & 1471-1483
He was the first king of England from the House of York, and was very violent.


Edward V:
1470-1483-1483
Edward was supposed to be king when he was 12, but was put in the Tower, was declared illegitimate, and was killed.


Richard III:
1452-1483-1485
He possibly had his nephews killed, and there were 2 rebellions against him in 2 years.


Henry VII:
1457-1485-1509
Henry was the first English King from the House of Tudor and made England's political system more stable.


Part II

Why did Shakespeare portray Richard III the way he did?

Shakespeare portrayed Richard III as a villain, which is mainly because of the Queen of England at the time.  Elizabeth the I was queen, and she was descended from the Tudor line.  The Tudors considered Ricard III a greedy murderer for his imprisonment of Prince Richard and Edward V.  He married his brother's wife in order to gain the crown, and was the last king from the House of York.  When the Tudors write about him, they make him out to be a deformed hunchback only interested in moving himself forward in the race for the crown.  Shakespeare only knew a villainous version of Richard, so that was how he portrayed Richard III.

Traditionalist- Traditionalists want to stick to what they know and oppose change.  They would not like the change of power from the Yorks to the Tudors in the time shortly after Richard III.

Revisionist- Revisionists wanted change, and didn't necessarily stick to the opinion of those around them.

Lancastrian- Lancastrian sources would support the Lancastrian viewpoint during the War of the Roses.

Ricardian- A Ricardian source was usually someone from the House of York, as they believed that Richard III was a good king and wanted to protect his reputation.

Documents

Vergil, Polydore. Anglica Historia, Books 23-25. London: J. B. Nichols, 1846.

This document is a Lancastrian source. 

"Richard having by this meane obtaynyd almost his hartes desire, convaighed his nephewys from the bysshop of Londons howse unto the Towr;"- This is saying that in order for Richard to "gain his heart's desire" (the Crown) he had his nephews put in the Tower.

"This doone, Richerd, whose mynde partly was enflamyd with desire of usurping the kyngdom, partly was trubblyd by guyltynes of intent to commyt so haynous wickednes (for a guiltie conscience causeth thoffendor to have dew punishment alway in imagination before his eyes), thowght aftireward nothing better than to mollyfy the multitude with largesse and lyberalytie, than to wyn the hartes of his adversaryes with gyftes, rewardes, and promyses"- Richard is showed that he wants to get the throne bad enough to bribe people.


"Wherfor, burning with rage incredible to bring to effect the thing which in mynd was resolvyd, he drew a plot for the lord Hastinges as foloweth: he placyd pryvyly in a chamber adjoyning to that with himself and other lords sat usually in cownsayll a sort right ready to do a mischiefe, geaving them in charge that when he showld geave a signe they showld suddaynly rushe owt, and, compassing about them who should syt with him, to lay handes specyally uppon William lord Hastinges, and kill him forthwith."- This shows a plot of Richard's to murder someone who stands in his way.




Horace Walpole (1768)


This document is a Ricardian source.


"The old countess of Desmond, who had danced with Richard, declared he was the handsomest man in the room except his brother Edward, and was very well made. But what shall we say to Dr. Shaw, who in his sermon appealed to the people, whether Richard was not the express image of his father's person, who was neither ugly nor deformed?"- They are defending Richard's appearance, which is supposed to create a better image of him in general.


"What feature in this portrait gives any idea of a monster? Or who can believe that an eye-witness, and so minute a painter, would have mentioned nothing but the inequality of the shoulders, if Richard's form had been a compound of ugliness?"- Walpole is trying to give the idea that Richard was handsome, and therefore couldn't be a bad person.


Part III

Although I was born in 1452

My life had not yet begun.

For the crown I so desperately wanted

My older brother, Edward had won.

In 1483, though

My luck had changed its path

My dear older brother

Into death had passed

His heir was to be Prince Edward

And after that Richard of York

But I had a cunning plan

Around my nephews I would lurk[1]

I’ll lock them in the Tower

Never for them to escape

They wouldn’t even suspect

Their lives I soon would take

With them out of the way[2]

There’d only be one more thing

To see Queen Elizabeth in white

Upon my wedding day[3]

Change the date by just two years

And a battle has begun to unfold

Henry Tudor has brought his men

And his attitude was bold

I had wanted this kingdom since birth

And this Henry was in for a fight

He thought that he could beat me

But I’d go at him with all my might

My vanguard was the best

But they just weren’t good enough

Against Henry’s army

They were blown away like fluff

Henry heard the news

By my knights I’d been left alone

His men were immediately near

You’d think that they had flown

I was quickly surrounded

They had me in a corner

I saw my life flash before my eyes

Much to my great horror

I knew that my death was drawing near

Such a tragic end

I wished I could’ve ruled for longer

Farewell now, my dear friend[4]

---

[1] http://www.r3.org/bookcase/more/moretext.html

[2] http://www.r3.org/bookcase/walpole/walpole1.html

[3] http://www.r3.org/bookcase/polydore.html

[4] http://www.r3.org/bosworth/ballad2.html

Henry Tudor is my name

I’ll say it loud, and without shame!

I know that the crown is mine to take

A better king than Richard I’ll make

Across the English Channel I came

Through Wales I travelled to make a claim

I am the rightful king, I say

Richard will accept without delay[1]

I wish I could keep those men alive

But with responsibility must come drive

I must surround Richard, he has to die

It pained me to kill him, I cannot lie[2]

Now that I’m king, my reign will begin

A whole new age of Lancastrians!

Elizabeth will be my queen

The Tudor lines will stay pure and clean[3]

---

[1] http://www.r3.org/bosworth/ballad2.html

[2] http://englishhistory.net/tudor/hobit.html

[3] http://englishhistory.net/tudor/elizdeat.html

Notes 9/21/10

• The fall of Richard the III marked the end of the Plantagenet line, to be replaced by the Tudors
• The York family is directly from the line of Edward III (Edward's other son, Edmund)
• They have Plantagenet blood
• The Tudor family comes from Henry V 
• His princess remarries Owen Tudor after Henry V dies
• Owen Tudor was a noble
• Battle between the Tudors and the Yorkists
• Tudors=Lancastrians

Notes 9/20/10

• Tudor Rose- Lancaster and York emblems combined
• Richard III become king
• Henry Tudor tries to take over the kingship

• Richard II had stepped down
• He is replaced by Henry IV
• Henry V dies, his son Henry VI becomes king
• Henry VI was an infant when crowned king
• The people around him were vying for the power of England
• The House of Lancaster and the House of York fight over power

• The ultimate result of the War of the Roses is the rise of the Tudors
• Rise of a recognizable England in the Renaissance
• Rise of strong monarchs
• Catholic England
• People vandalized images of the saints, the Virgin Mary, and Jesus
• From Henry VIII on, fundamentally Protestant and Anglican
• Reformation- 
• Tudors were very devout
• The authorities did not want an English version of the Bible released for anyone to read
• A priest who smuggled in a New Testament was tried and found guilty of being a heretic, and was burned
• Catholic England was turned into a Protestant nation
• Henry VIII becomes king when he was 17 (his older brother and father died)
• Henry VIII started the Protestant Reformation by divorcing his wife
• His wife was supposed to marry his brother, but married him after his brother died

What are examples of the direct effect of the Black Death on European society?

Thesis: The Black Plague showed the superiority complex of the English toward serfs and Jews, and also exposed their desperate need for social classes.

The Black Plague, while tragic and deadly, created an opportunity for serfs to gain power over their lords.  The English king speaks of this negatively, as he is losing control of the lower class.  "...  many seeing the necessity of masters, and great scarcity of servants, will not serve unless they may receive excessive wages..."  Serfs were finally able to raise their social status by asking to be paid and choosing what work to do.  They were also able to leave their masters and seek work elsewhere.  The king tried to keep the wages for serfs at the same amount that they were before the plague, saying, "...to pay more than at any other time was wont to be paid to such person; nor upon the said pain shall presume any more to pay."  However, the serfs were the ones who held the cards at this point, and continued to take their rights back from their masters.

Because much of the government was preoccupied with the Plague, there were many peasant rebellions, where the peasants rose up against the knights who had been above them throughout their whole lives.  The account was written by a chronicler, who had a steady job for higher class men, which swayed his view in favor of the knights.  "For certain people of the common villages, without any head or ruler, assembled together in Beauvoisin... they said how the noblemen of the realm of France, knights and squires, shamed the realm, and that it should be a great wealth to destroy them all..."  They were out to get revenge, and when the knights were weakest, they attacked.  They committed heinous acts, and were as violent and gruesome as possible.  The common people had good reason, but they were only seen as terrible people by the bystanders.

The Jews were persecuted throughout history for things that were not their fault, and the Black Plague was no different.  The first two documents were by Christians who believed that Jews had poisoned the water that Christians drank.  They are not sympathetic whatsoever, and they tell the stories of Jews admitting that they poisoned the water and being killed.  The last document, an epitaph, was written by a Jew about a young boy who was killed.  He is also biased, because he sees his people being killed.  Both the Christians and the Jews had something to lose: the Christians would lose accountability, and the Jews would lose their lives.

The Christian Englishmen needed their classes to keep order, and the peasant revolt and the loss of serfs threatened their class system.  When the Church was powerless to stop the Plague, the Jews were blamed.  The Plague brought out their true colors, and showed how truly weak the English were, and how reliant they were on tradition and power.

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/seth/ordinance-labourers.html

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/froissart2.html

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/1348-jewsblackdeath.html

Welcome to AP Euro :D

The peasants revolt started with local constables and jurors

5000-10000 arrived at an overlook near London

London was being burned
The teenage king went to meet with the rebels

The rebel leaders asked for a new Magna Carta for ordinary people, and the king said yes

Richard went to the rebels and said, "You will have no captain but me!"

The rebels were threatened and gave up

Richard was much more civilized than other Plantagenet
He wanted to be addressed formally
Richard refused to continue the war with France
He brutally disposed of the members of parliament that killed his friends
He killed anyone that he even suspected of treason
Richard exiled people in order to get their inheritence
Richard has his crown taken away by the lords and dukes